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<p>This study compared nitrogen and phosphorus utilization, leaching, and runoff across European agricultural areas. Nitrogen surplus was highest in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, northern Italy, and western Poland, ranging from 71 to 137&#xa0;kg N/ha/year. Phosphorus surplus varied much more widely, being highest in a few regions and negative in much of Germany, northern France, Hungary, Sweden, and Finland. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was generally above 0.5&#xa0;kg N/kg N across Europe, with locally lower values in Poland, whereas phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) was highest in central France and in the region spanning from Denmark to Romania, but lower in Spain and Poland. Phosphorus leaching (Ple) was greatest in France, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Benelux countries, and northern Italy, and minimal in Spain, northern Germany, Hungary, and eastern Romania. The phosphorus saturation degree (PSD) was lowest in eastern Romania and highest in northern Italy and the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg), while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and mediation analyses confirmed its significant role in phosphorus leaching. Structural Equation Modeling indicated that phosphorus surplus influences both nitrogen surplus and nutrient efficiency, while NUE and PUE indirectly affect phosphorus accumulation, with PSD and Ple showing significant direct and indirect effects. Overall, fertilizer management remains inconsistent across the EU, and future strategies should focus on maintaining a balanced phosphorus budget to improve nutrient retention and promote sustainable agriculture.</p>

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Pathways linking nutrient use efficiency, surpluses, soil phosphorus status and losses in European agricultural soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Wiktor Halecki,
  • Dawid Bedla,
  • Oqil Rasulov,
  • Lyudmyla Kuzmych

摘要

This study compared nitrogen and phosphorus utilization, leaching, and runoff across European agricultural areas. Nitrogen surplus was highest in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, northern Italy, and western Poland, ranging from 71 to 137 kg N/ha/year. Phosphorus surplus varied much more widely, being highest in a few regions and negative in much of Germany, northern France, Hungary, Sweden, and Finland. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) was generally above 0.5 kg N/kg N across Europe, with locally lower values in Poland, whereas phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) was highest in central France and in the region spanning from Denmark to Romania, but lower in Spain and Poland. Phosphorus leaching (Ple) was greatest in France, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Benelux countries, and northern Italy, and minimal in Spain, northern Germany, Hungary, and eastern Romania. The phosphorus saturation degree (PSD) was lowest in eastern Romania and highest in northern Italy and the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg), while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and mediation analyses confirmed its significant role in phosphorus leaching. Structural Equation Modeling indicated that phosphorus surplus influences both nitrogen surplus and nutrient efficiency, while NUE and PUE indirectly affect phosphorus accumulation, with PSD and Ple showing significant direct and indirect effects. Overall, fertilizer management remains inconsistent across the EU, and future strategies should focus on maintaining a balanced phosphorus budget to improve nutrient retention and promote sustainable agriculture.