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<p>This study evaluates the efficacy of integrated nutrient management (INM) strategies in enhancing drought resilience and productivity of rainfed wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>&#xa0;L. cv. Sadra) under semi-arid conditions in Qazvin, Iran. A two-year field trial (2022–2024) tested four treatments: (1) conventional soil-test-based fertilization (ON), (2) seed priming with bio-fertilizers [<i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>,&#xa0;<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)] and (together with) soil application of humic acid (BH), (3) foliar spray applications (fulvic acid, seaweed extract, potassium silicate, amino acids; F), and (4) combined foliar and soil amendments (F + BH). The F + BH treatment significantly outperformed others, increasing grain yield by 42.1% (5,491&#xa0;kg&#xa0;ha⁻<sup>1</sup>) and biomass by 33.6% (15,082&#xa0;kg&#xa0;ha⁻<sup>1</sup>) compared to ON, attributed to improved nutrient uptake (31.6% higher spike density, 25.7% greater kernel weight) and physiological efficiency (46.7% higher photosynthetic rate, 60% enhanced stomatal conductance). Proline accumulation in leaf tissues rose by 72.7%, indicating higher osmotic adjustment under drought. Principal component analysis revealed that 97.7% of yield variation was driven by a unified growth factor (PC1, plant height, biomass, spike number, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate), with boron (B) and harvest index emerging as secondary determinants. Economic analysis highlighted the cost-effectiveness of BH (benefit–cost ratio: 1.83), while F + BH maximized productivity for high-input systems. The results demonstrate that combining soil amendments (humic acid, PGPR/AMF) with foliar nutrients optimize rainfed wheat performance by synergistically improving soil health, root development, and stress tolerance, offering a scalable solution for sustainable intensification in water-limited agroecosystems.</p>

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Integrated nutrient management enhances drought tolerance and yield in rainfed wheat

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Seyed Majid Mousavi,
  • Mohammad Saeed Tadayon,
  • Jafar Shahabi Far

摘要

This study evaluates the efficacy of integrated nutrient management (INM) strategies in enhancing drought resilience and productivity of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Sadra) under semi-arid conditions in Qazvin, Iran. A two-year field trial (2022–2024) tested four treatments: (1) conventional soil-test-based fertilization (ON), (2) seed priming with bio-fertilizers [Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)] and (together with) soil application of humic acid (BH), (3) foliar spray applications (fulvic acid, seaweed extract, potassium silicate, amino acids; F), and (4) combined foliar and soil amendments (F + BH). The F + BH treatment significantly outperformed others, increasing grain yield by 42.1% (5,491 kg ha⁻1) and biomass by 33.6% (15,082 kg ha⁻1) compared to ON, attributed to improved nutrient uptake (31.6% higher spike density, 25.7% greater kernel weight) and physiological efficiency (46.7% higher photosynthetic rate, 60% enhanced stomatal conductance). Proline accumulation in leaf tissues rose by 72.7%, indicating higher osmotic adjustment under drought. Principal component analysis revealed that 97.7% of yield variation was driven by a unified growth factor (PC1, plant height, biomass, spike number, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate), with boron (B) and harvest index emerging as secondary determinants. Economic analysis highlighted the cost-effectiveness of BH (benefit–cost ratio: 1.83), while F + BH maximized productivity for high-input systems. The results demonstrate that combining soil amendments (humic acid, PGPR/AMF) with foliar nutrients optimize rainfed wheat performance by synergistically improving soil health, root development, and stress tolerance, offering a scalable solution for sustainable intensification in water-limited agroecosystems.