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<p>Crop diversification provides several agroecosystem benefits, yet the effects of extended crop rotations and livestock integration on soil phosphorus (P) dynamics are not well understood. We examined the effect of three cropping systems: a maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.)–soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.) rotation with synthetic fertilizer (2&#xa0;year), a maize–soybean–small grain rotation with red clover (<i>Trifolium pratense</i> L.) with composted cattle manure as a fertilizer source (3&#xa0;year), and a maize–soybean–small grain rotation with alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.) and alfalfa hay, also using composted manure (4&#xa0;year). We compared soil P fractions and phosphomonoesterases (acid and alkaline phosphatases) activity among the three systems and across two synchronized crop phases (maize and soybean). The cropping systems had no effect on annual soil test P (Mehlich P) and labile P fractions after over 20&#xa0;years. However, the diversified rotations increased Moderately labile and Non-labile P pools by up to 50% in just the maize phase. The positive effects of diversified cropping systems on phosphatase activity, in contrast, also continued into soybean phase (2 years after manure), suggesting diversified cropping systems having more persistent effects on P-cycling and microbial activity. Overall, our findings suggest that diversification improves moderate-to-recalcitrant P pools in maize phase (after manure) but the impacts on microbial P cycling are more persistent throughout the crop rotation. Additionally, we show using soil testing and applying manure based on nitrogen needs in the diversified rotations does not lead to overaccumulation of plant-available P and thus minimizes environmental risk.</p>

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Impacts of cropping system diversification on soil phosphorus fractions and enzyme-mediated p cycling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月27日

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  • Cecilia Crespo,
  • Jay Berkey,
  • John L. Kovar,
  • Peter L. O’Brien,
  • Wenjuan Huang,
  • Matt Liebman,
  • Marshall D. McDaniel

摘要

Crop diversification provides several agroecosystem benefits, yet the effects of extended crop rotations and livestock integration on soil phosphorus (P) dynamics are not well understood. We examined the effect of three cropping systems: a maize (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) rotation with synthetic fertilizer (2 year), a maize–soybean–small grain rotation with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) with composted cattle manure as a fertilizer source (3 year), and a maize–soybean–small grain rotation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and alfalfa hay, also using composted manure (4 year). We compared soil P fractions and phosphomonoesterases (acid and alkaline phosphatases) activity among the three systems and across two synchronized crop phases (maize and soybean). The cropping systems had no effect on annual soil test P (Mehlich P) and labile P fractions after over 20 years. However, the diversified rotations increased Moderately labile and Non-labile P pools by up to 50% in just the maize phase. The positive effects of diversified cropping systems on phosphatase activity, in contrast, also continued into soybean phase (2 years after manure), suggesting diversified cropping systems having more persistent effects on P-cycling and microbial activity. Overall, our findings suggest that diversification improves moderate-to-recalcitrant P pools in maize phase (after manure) but the impacts on microbial P cycling are more persistent throughout the crop rotation. Additionally, we show using soil testing and applying manure based on nitrogen needs in the diversified rotations does not lead to overaccumulation of plant-available P and thus minimizes environmental risk.