<p>This study introduces an alternative formulation that integrates forward and reverse supply chains with an emphasis on material circulation for enhanced sustainability. The model incorporates the bill of materials in both manufacturing and recycling processes and is validated through a case study of a lead-acid battery manufacturer. By including bill of materials, the model provides a comprehensive view of all materials involved and their transformation processes. This ensures accurate tracking of material flows and optimizes the reusability of components. Computational experiments are designed to compare the performance of three different approaches which are non-circular, sequential, and integrated. The results demonstrate that the integrated approach requires lower amounts of virgin materials, leading to a 19% savings in procurement costs for the forward supply chain. Although the required investments in the reverse supply chain partially offset these savings, the total cost of circular supply chain is still 6.67% smaller than that of the non-circular approach. This investment can be considered as a cost-effective corporate social responsibility strategy that enhances supply chain sustainability. The model provides a valuable management tool for industries to evaluate the potential of transitioning to circular supply chains.</p>