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<p>This study evaluated the independent and combined effects of dietary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and stevioside on growth metrics, physiological status, stress tolerance, antioxidant capacity, immune responses, tissue morphology, and gene expression in <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>. Fish were fed one of four experimental diets for 90 days: a control diet, CoQ10-supplemented diet (40 mg/kg), stevioside-supplemented diet (450 mg/kg), or a combined diet containing both additives (40 mg/kg CoQ10 + 450 mg/kg stevioside). Dietary supplementation significantly improved growth performance, with the combined treatment yielding the highest final body weight (40.43 ± 0.59 g vs. 29.35 ± 0.49 g in control), weight gain (36.85 ± 0.66 g vs. 25.74 ± 0.54 g), specific growth rate (2.69 ± 0.07%/day vs. 2.33 ± 0.04%/day), and the minimum feed conversion ratio (1.77 ± 0.01 vs. 2.10 ± 0.03). Digestive enzyme activities were markedly enhanced, with amylase increasing from 7.41 ± 0.51 to 9.27 ± 0.15 U/mg, lipase from 2.34 ± 0.04 to 3.29 ± 0.06 U/mg, and protease from 25.64 ± 0.53 to 31.83 ± 0.25 U/mg in the combined group. Histological analyses revealed substantial improvements in intestinal villus length and liver architecture, particularly under combined supplementation. Fish receiving supplemented diets exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, with superoxide dismutase increasing from 16.47 U/mL in the control to 25.05 U/mL in the combined group, catalase from 15.52 to 21.15 U/mL, and glutathione peroxidase from 11.46 U/mL in the control to 18.76 U/mL in the combined group, while malondialdehyde decreased from 9.76 to 4.92 nmol/mL. Gene expression analysis revealed marked upregulation in the combined treatment: insulin-like growth factor 1 (17.45-fold), glucose transporter 4 (19.39-fold), interleukin-1β (5.53-fold), immunoglobulin heavy chain (11.49-fold), Interferon-1 alpha (2.09-fold), superoxide dismutase (6.99-fold), catalase (5.63-fold), and glutathione reductase (13.99-fold) compared to control. Dietary CoQ10 and stevioside significantly reduced stress-related biochemical indicators, with serum glucose decreasing from 63.3 ± 0.69 to 52.98 ± 0.70 mg/dL and cortisol from 12.29 ± 0.34 to 11.12 ± 0.18 ng/mL in the combined group. Following hypoxia challenge, the combined treatment maintained lower glucose (90.48 ± 0.86 mg/dL vs. 110.2 ± 0.8 mg/dL) and cortisol levels (29.77 ± 0.33 ng/mL vs. 34.49 ± 0.78 ng/mL) compared to control. Hypoxia tolerance was substantially improved, with median lethal time prolonged from 120 min in the control to 175 min in the supplemented groups. Overall, the combined supplementation strategy demonstrated beneficial effects across multiple physiological, biochemical, and molecular indicators, suggesting that CoQ10 and stevioside can be effectively used as nutraceutical feed additives to enhance performance, health status, and stress resilience in Nile tilapia.</p>

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Coenzyme Q10 and/or stevioside enhance growth, hypoxia tolerance, immune responses, antioxidant capacity, and gene expression profiling in Nile tilapia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Mohammed F. El Basuini,
  • Rehab F. A. Senosy,
  • Ghada R. Sallam,
  • Ayaat M. Elmaghraby,
  • Ibrahim Mohamed Abaza,
  • Adel Hassan Saad,
  • Mahmoud S. Gewaily,
  • Akram Ismael Shehata

摘要

This study evaluated the independent and combined effects of dietary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and stevioside on growth metrics, physiological status, stress tolerance, antioxidant capacity, immune responses, tissue morphology, and gene expression in Oreochromis niloticus. Fish were fed one of four experimental diets for 90 days: a control diet, CoQ10-supplemented diet (40 mg/kg), stevioside-supplemented diet (450 mg/kg), or a combined diet containing both additives (40 mg/kg CoQ10 + 450 mg/kg stevioside). Dietary supplementation significantly improved growth performance, with the combined treatment yielding the highest final body weight (40.43 ± 0.59 g vs. 29.35 ± 0.49 g in control), weight gain (36.85 ± 0.66 g vs. 25.74 ± 0.54 g), specific growth rate (2.69 ± 0.07%/day vs. 2.33 ± 0.04%/day), and the minimum feed conversion ratio (1.77 ± 0.01 vs. 2.10 ± 0.03). Digestive enzyme activities were markedly enhanced, with amylase increasing from 7.41 ± 0.51 to 9.27 ± 0.15 U/mg, lipase from 2.34 ± 0.04 to 3.29 ± 0.06 U/mg, and protease from 25.64 ± 0.53 to 31.83 ± 0.25 U/mg in the combined group. Histological analyses revealed substantial improvements in intestinal villus length and liver architecture, particularly under combined supplementation. Fish receiving supplemented diets exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, with superoxide dismutase increasing from 16.47 U/mL in the control to 25.05 U/mL in the combined group, catalase from 15.52 to 21.15 U/mL, and glutathione peroxidase from 11.46 U/mL in the control to 18.76 U/mL in the combined group, while malondialdehyde decreased from 9.76 to 4.92 nmol/mL. Gene expression analysis revealed marked upregulation in the combined treatment: insulin-like growth factor 1 (17.45-fold), glucose transporter 4 (19.39-fold), interleukin-1β (5.53-fold), immunoglobulin heavy chain (11.49-fold), Interferon-1 alpha (2.09-fold), superoxide dismutase (6.99-fold), catalase (5.63-fold), and glutathione reductase (13.99-fold) compared to control. Dietary CoQ10 and stevioside significantly reduced stress-related biochemical indicators, with serum glucose decreasing from 63.3 ± 0.69 to 52.98 ± 0.70 mg/dL and cortisol from 12.29 ± 0.34 to 11.12 ± 0.18 ng/mL in the combined group. Following hypoxia challenge, the combined treatment maintained lower glucose (90.48 ± 0.86 mg/dL vs. 110.2 ± 0.8 mg/dL) and cortisol levels (29.77 ± 0.33 ng/mL vs. 34.49 ± 0.78 ng/mL) compared to control. Hypoxia tolerance was substantially improved, with median lethal time prolonged from 120 min in the control to 175 min in the supplemented groups. Overall, the combined supplementation strategy demonstrated beneficial effects across multiple physiological, biochemical, and molecular indicators, suggesting that CoQ10 and stevioside can be effectively used as nutraceutical feed additives to enhance performance, health status, and stress resilience in Nile tilapia.