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<p>Tolyltriazole (TTA), a widely detected aquatic pollutant, poses toxic risks to fish, while remediation strategies remain limited. This study evaluated the hematological, biochemical, apoptotic, and genotoxic effects of TTA exposure and the potential protective role of dietary <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> supplementation in African catfish (<i>Clarias gariepinus</i>). Fish were exposed to TTA at concentrations of 1.1 and 2.2&#xa0;µg/L, environmentally relevant levels reported in contaminated surface waters, with or without co-treatment with dietary <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> supplementation (50&#xa0;g/kg feed), over a 14-day exposure period. Hematological analysis revealed that TTA induced statistically significant reductions in RBC count, Hb, and Hct, while increasing MCV, MCHC, and platelet counts. TTA also caused leukopenia and an increase in neutrophils, indicating inflammation and immunosuppression. Co-treatment with Chlorella, particularly at the lower TTA dose, mitigated these effects and partially restored hematological parameters. Biochemical assessments showed elevated levels of AST, ALT, ALP, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, total protein, and uric acid in TTA-exposed groups, indicative of hepatic, renal, and metabolic stress. Chlorella supplementation effectively reduced these alterations. Apoptosis analysis revealed increased erythrocyte apoptosis in TTA-exposed fish, which was attenuated by Chlorella. Genotoxicity assessed via comet assay showed significantly increased DNA damage in TTA groups, with reduced damage following Chlorella co-treatment. These findings illustrate the defensive capability of dietary <i>C. vulgaris</i> against TTA-induced toxicity in <i>C. gariepinus</i>, though additional field verification is required.</p>

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Hemato-biochemical and genotoxic responses of Clarias gariepinus exposed to Tolyltriazole: ameliorative role of Chlorella vulgaris

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Sabreen Abdullah,
  • Mohamed Hamed,
  • Alaa Salah El-DinEl-Din,
  • Alaa El-Din H. Sayed

摘要

Tolyltriazole (TTA), a widely detected aquatic pollutant, poses toxic risks to fish, while remediation strategies remain limited. This study evaluated the hematological, biochemical, apoptotic, and genotoxic effects of TTA exposure and the potential protective role of dietary Chlorella vulgaris supplementation in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Fish were exposed to TTA at concentrations of 1.1 and 2.2 µg/L, environmentally relevant levels reported in contaminated surface waters, with or without co-treatment with dietary Chlorella vulgaris supplementation (50 g/kg feed), over a 14-day exposure period. Hematological analysis revealed that TTA induced statistically significant reductions in RBC count, Hb, and Hct, while increasing MCV, MCHC, and platelet counts. TTA also caused leukopenia and an increase in neutrophils, indicating inflammation and immunosuppression. Co-treatment with Chlorella, particularly at the lower TTA dose, mitigated these effects and partially restored hematological parameters. Biochemical assessments showed elevated levels of AST, ALT, ALP, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, total protein, and uric acid in TTA-exposed groups, indicative of hepatic, renal, and metabolic stress. Chlorella supplementation effectively reduced these alterations. Apoptosis analysis revealed increased erythrocyte apoptosis in TTA-exposed fish, which was attenuated by Chlorella. Genotoxicity assessed via comet assay showed significantly increased DNA damage in TTA groups, with reduced damage following Chlorella co-treatment. These findings illustrate the defensive capability of dietary C. vulgaris against TTA-induced toxicity in C. gariepinus, though additional field verification is required.