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<p>A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of iron-porphyrin (FePh) supplementation (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200&#xa0;mg/kg Fe<sup>3</sup>⁺) compared with 50&#xa0;mg/kg FeSO<sub>4</sub> in juvenile <i>Epinephelus cyanopodus</i> (16.12 ± 0.15&#xa0;g). The results demonstrated that FePh at 100&#xa0;mg/kg maximized the growth performance (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), while 50&#xa0;mg/kg FePh surpassed FeSO<sub>4</sub> in enhancing intestinal barrier integrity and growth. FePh improved systemic iron metabolism by elevating elevated transferrin and hepcidin levels (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), with 50&#xa0;mg/kg FePh significantly increasing hemoglobin and serum iron (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced (T-AOC and SOD in serum and gills), alongside the upregulation of immune markers (C3, C4, and IgM). FePh also improved intestinal morphology (GC, MP, VL) and intestinal microbiota (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Serum aminotransferase (ALT and AST) levels decreased with elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that FePh suppressed ferroptosis-related genes <i>acsl4</i> and <i>fth1</i>, while activating iron-regulation genes <i>slc7a1</i>1, <i>slc3a2</i>, and <i>hmox1</i>. In conclusion, FePh effectively improved the growth of juvenile <i>E. cyanopodus</i>; enhanced antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity, and iron metabolism; maintained the stability of the intestinal mucosal barrier to promote intestinal health; and regulated the expression of key genes in the ferroptosis pathway to protect liver health. The optimal FePh inclusion level was 50–100&#xa0;mg/kg, demonstrating superior efficacy over inorganic iron for sustainable grouper aquaculture.</p>

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Effects of iron-porphyrin on growth performance, physiology, enterohepatic health, and its preliminary mechanism in Epinephelus cyanopodus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Ao Jian,
  • Yuting Huang,
  • Tian Xu,
  • Chunxiang Ai

摘要

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of iron-porphyrin (FePh) supplementation (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg Fe3⁺) compared with 50 mg/kg FeSO4 in juvenile Epinephelus cyanopodus (16.12 ± 0.15 g). The results demonstrated that FePh at 100 mg/kg maximized the growth performance (P < 0.05), while 50 mg/kg FePh surpassed FeSO4 in enhancing intestinal barrier integrity and growth. FePh improved systemic iron metabolism by elevating elevated transferrin and hepcidin levels (P < 0.05), with 50 mg/kg FePh significantly increasing hemoglobin and serum iron (P < 0.05). Antioxidant capacity was significantly enhanced (T-AOC and SOD in serum and gills), alongside the upregulation of immune markers (C3, C4, and IgM). FePh also improved intestinal morphology (GC, MP, VL) and intestinal microbiota (P < 0.05). Serum aminotransferase (ALT and AST) levels decreased with elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that FePh suppressed ferroptosis-related genes acsl4 and fth1, while activating iron-regulation genes slc7a11, slc3a2, and hmox1. In conclusion, FePh effectively improved the growth of juvenile E. cyanopodus; enhanced antioxidant capacity, non-specific immunity, and iron metabolism; maintained the stability of the intestinal mucosal barrier to promote intestinal health; and regulated the expression of key genes in the ferroptosis pathway to protect liver health. The optimal FePh inclusion level was 50–100 mg/kg, demonstrating superior efficacy over inorganic iron for sustainable grouper aquaculture.