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<p>Two façade insulation systems, a composite External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) and a ventilated ‘system with High-Pressure Laminate (HPL) cladding, were tested at full scale using the French LEPIR 2 test bench. The characteristic geometric scales of the external flames (height, width, and ejection angle) were determined from front and side-view images. A dedicated image analysis method, adapted to outdoor imaging conditions, was developed and applied to frames acquired a few minutes after ignition and the emergence of external flames, during a stable period of the fire. The results of the characteristic geometric scales are presented and discussed. Based on these parameters, flame volumes were estimated, allowing the calculation of external Heat Release Rate (HRR). The HRR was found to be higher for the HPL ventilated cladding system, suggesting a higher contribution of the HPL material to the overall combustion. Using the HRR values, the flame heights were predicted using a classical correlation, and the comparison with the observed ones is discussed.</p>

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External Flame Shapes in Large-Scale Façade Fire Tests

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Alexis Coppalle,
  • Virginie Drean,
  • Pauline Dias Lopes,
  • Guillaume Siemoneit

摘要

Two façade insulation systems, a composite External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) and a ventilated ‘system with High-Pressure Laminate (HPL) cladding, were tested at full scale using the French LEPIR 2 test bench. The characteristic geometric scales of the external flames (height, width, and ejection angle) were determined from front and side-view images. A dedicated image analysis method, adapted to outdoor imaging conditions, was developed and applied to frames acquired a few minutes after ignition and the emergence of external flames, during a stable period of the fire. The results of the characteristic geometric scales are presented and discussed. Based on these parameters, flame volumes were estimated, allowing the calculation of external Heat Release Rate (HRR). The HRR was found to be higher for the HPL ventilated cladding system, suggesting a higher contribution of the HPL material to the overall combustion. Using the HRR values, the flame heights were predicted using a classical correlation, and the comparison with the observed ones is discussed.