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<p>This paper investigates the extinguishing performance and gas pollution characteristics of compressed air foam (CAF) and compressed nitrogen foam (CNF) on oil pool fires with varying sizes. Comparative extinguishing and burn-back experiments were conducted on transformer oil pool fires with diameters of 60&#xa0;cm, 72&#xa0;cm, and 100&#xa0;cm in a 6.0&#xa0;m × 6.0&#xa0;m × 6.0&#xa0;m combustion chamber built according to ISO 9705-1:2016. The foams were produced from an aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) solution composed of 97% water and 3% concentrate, mixed respectively with compressed air or 99.9% nitrogen, and discharged through a ZSTWB centrifugal atomizing nozzle at nozzle pressures of 0.1–0.4&#xa0;MPa. The results show that nitrogen enhances foam stability and dilutes surrounding oxygen during extinguishing, reducing the fire extinguishment time of CNF by 12.8% to 34.1% compared to CAF, while the 100% burn-back time increases by 14.0% to 15.1%. Both foams cause early flame intensification, leading to a sharp rise in heat release rate (HRR), with CNF showing a HRR increase 30% lower than that of CAF. Gas pollution analysis reveals that CO concentration changes correlate linearly with HRR increase, while CNF reduces SO₂ emissions by 40% owing to higher thermal stability. However, nitrogen released from CNF promotes fast-forming NOₓ, resulting in a 2.5–2.7 times greater dimensionless NOₓ concentration increase. This study clarifies the differences and mechanisms of compressed air and nitrogen foam in extinguishing performance and gas pollution characteristics, contributing to cleaner and more effective foam-based fire suppression.</p>

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Extinguishing Performance and Gas Pollution Characteristics of Compressed-Air and Nitrogen Foams in Fire Suppression

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Lilong Nie,
  • Linlin Yi,
  • Wencheng Zhou,
  • Yunpeng Yang,
  • Yanyan Zou,
  • Zhaoyu Ye,
  • Jingjing Li,
  • Kaiyuan Li

摘要

This paper investigates the extinguishing performance and gas pollution characteristics of compressed air foam (CAF) and compressed nitrogen foam (CNF) on oil pool fires with varying sizes. Comparative extinguishing and burn-back experiments were conducted on transformer oil pool fires with diameters of 60 cm, 72 cm, and 100 cm in a 6.0 m × 6.0 m × 6.0 m combustion chamber built according to ISO 9705-1:2016. The foams were produced from an aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) solution composed of 97% water and 3% concentrate, mixed respectively with compressed air or 99.9% nitrogen, and discharged through a ZSTWB centrifugal atomizing nozzle at nozzle pressures of 0.1–0.4 MPa. The results show that nitrogen enhances foam stability and dilutes surrounding oxygen during extinguishing, reducing the fire extinguishment time of CNF by 12.8% to 34.1% compared to CAF, while the 100% burn-back time increases by 14.0% to 15.1%. Both foams cause early flame intensification, leading to a sharp rise in heat release rate (HRR), with CNF showing a HRR increase 30% lower than that of CAF. Gas pollution analysis reveals that CO concentration changes correlate linearly with HRR increase, while CNF reduces SO₂ emissions by 40% owing to higher thermal stability. However, nitrogen released from CNF promotes fast-forming NOₓ, resulting in a 2.5–2.7 times greater dimensionless NOₓ concentration increase. This study clarifies the differences and mechanisms of compressed air and nitrogen foam in extinguishing performance and gas pollution characteristics, contributing to cleaner and more effective foam-based fire suppression.