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<p>Providing fire safety public goods in urban villages presents a complex governance challenge that necessitates the coordinated efforts of multiple stakeholders. Informed by field research conducted in the urban villages of Guangzhou, China, this study investigates the dynamic interactions among village committees, residents, and businesses in this process. Specifically, we develop a tripartite evolutionary game model to uncover the underlying mechanisms driving collective action and to identify stable governance strategies for fire safety public goods provision. The study reveals four potential equilibrium states, with the optimal outcome which is equilibrium (1,1,1), representing active co-production by all three parties. Numerical simulations show that the village committees’ cost-sharing ratio has a nonlinear effect: moderate increases can deter participation, but higher ratios, once beyond a certain threshold, can foster cooperation by alleviating residents’ financial burdens. Crucially, our findings highlight the interdependence of stakeholder motivations. Residents’ willingness to participate is significantly diminished by asymmetric participation—a psychological loss felt when businesses remain passive. Conversely, businesses’ engagement is highly sensitive to community support, as resident resistance increases their implementation costs. This creates a powerful incentive-feedback loop, where active resident participation can reduce costs for businesses, thereby reinforcing a cycle of mutual cooperation. Based on these dynamics, we propose an adaptive governance framework centred on multi-stakeholder collaboration. This framework positions the village committee as a coordinating hub that aligns incentives, reduces participation barriers for residents through tiered rewards, and guides businesses to integrate corporate social responsibility with market benefits. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers aiming to foster resilient and collaborative public safety systems in urban villages.</p>

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Governing Fire Safety in China’s Urban Villages: A Guangzhou Case Study on Collaboration, Incentives, and Public Goods Provision

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月6日

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  • Yong Sun,
  • Huifan Lai,
  • Yalin Wang

摘要

Providing fire safety public goods in urban villages presents a complex governance challenge that necessitates the coordinated efforts of multiple stakeholders. Informed by field research conducted in the urban villages of Guangzhou, China, this study investigates the dynamic interactions among village committees, residents, and businesses in this process. Specifically, we develop a tripartite evolutionary game model to uncover the underlying mechanisms driving collective action and to identify stable governance strategies for fire safety public goods provision. The study reveals four potential equilibrium states, with the optimal outcome which is equilibrium (1,1,1), representing active co-production by all three parties. Numerical simulations show that the village committees’ cost-sharing ratio has a nonlinear effect: moderate increases can deter participation, but higher ratios, once beyond a certain threshold, can foster cooperation by alleviating residents’ financial burdens. Crucially, our findings highlight the interdependence of stakeholder motivations. Residents’ willingness to participate is significantly diminished by asymmetric participation—a psychological loss felt when businesses remain passive. Conversely, businesses’ engagement is highly sensitive to community support, as resident resistance increases their implementation costs. This creates a powerful incentive-feedback loop, where active resident participation can reduce costs for businesses, thereby reinforcing a cycle of mutual cooperation. Based on these dynamics, we propose an adaptive governance framework centred on multi-stakeholder collaboration. This framework positions the village committee as a coordinating hub that aligns incentives, reduces participation barriers for residents through tiered rewards, and guides businesses to integrate corporate social responsibility with market benefits. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers aiming to foster resilient and collaborative public safety systems in urban villages.