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<p>Tunnel fires and smoke spread can pose significant risks to individuals trapped within. Traditional tunnel ventilation systems often demand high energy consumption, posing challenges for sustainable carbon reduction. This paper develops a 1:15 scale tunnel model to assess how shaft distance with unpowered ventilation caps influences back-layering length and downstream smoke stratification during a fire. The smoke back-layering length gradually increases with the distance between the double shafts. A theoretical model is derived to determine the distance of smoke spread upstream and the critical wind speed required to control the smoke. The smaller the distance between the double shafts, the more intense the mixing of air and smoke at the smoke thermal stratification interface downstream in a tunnel. This study provides a valuable reference for the use of unpowered ventilation caps to improve building ventilation structures and achieve tunnel smoke control.</p>

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Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Impact of Shaft Distance with Unpowered Ventilation Caps on Smoke Back-Layering Length in Tunnel Fires

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月22日

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  • Peng Wu,
  • Zhonghao Wen,
  • Huan Luo,
  • Min Hao,
  • Ru Zhou,
  • Juncheng Jiang

摘要

Tunnel fires and smoke spread can pose significant risks to individuals trapped within. Traditional tunnel ventilation systems often demand high energy consumption, posing challenges for sustainable carbon reduction. This paper develops a 1:15 scale tunnel model to assess how shaft distance with unpowered ventilation caps influences back-layering length and downstream smoke stratification during a fire. The smoke back-layering length gradually increases with the distance between the double shafts. A theoretical model is derived to determine the distance of smoke spread upstream and the critical wind speed required to control the smoke. The smaller the distance between the double shafts, the more intense the mixing of air and smoke at the smoke thermal stratification interface downstream in a tunnel. This study provides a valuable reference for the use of unpowered ventilation caps to improve building ventilation structures and achieve tunnel smoke control.