<p>High-performance pixelated CZT detectors that achieve 3D position sensitivity are promising candidates for use in Compton imaging telescopes. We proposed to use pixelated CZT detectors in the MeV Astrophysical Spectroscopic Surveyor (MASS), which is a large area Compton telescope. Nevertheless, the presence of high-energy protons in space can lead to radiation damage in pixelated CZT detectors, causing their performance to degrade gradually. Using non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL), this study develops a method that quantitatively evaluates the radiation damage of detectors in space. To verify the method, this study irradiated two <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10686_2025_9998_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="99" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$2\times 2\times 1\text { cm}^3$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <msup> <mtext>cm</mtext> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> pixelated CZT detectors with 100 MeV protons at fluences ranging from <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10686_2025_9998_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="112" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$3\times 10^7\text { p}^+/\text {cm}^2$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>7</mn> </msup> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <msup> <mtext>p</mtext> <mo>+</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msup> <mtext>cm</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10686_2025_9998_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="112" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$ 3\times 10^9\text { p}^+/\text {cm}^2$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>9</mn> </msup> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <msup> <mtext>p</mtext> <mo>+</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msup> <mtext>cm</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> under two bias sets. When the proton fluence reaches <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10686_2025_9998_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="112" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$3 \times 10^9 \text { p}^+/\text {cm}^2$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>9</mn> </msup> <mspace width="0.333333em" /> <msup> <mtext>p</mtext> <mo>+</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msup> <mtext>cm</mtext> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the energy resolution of the detectors significantly deteriorates to <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="10686_2025_9998_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$3.8\%$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>3.8</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> at 511 keV (FWHM/E), even after post-correction. Finally, this study provides engineering considerations for their application in space.</p>

Research on the proton-induced radiation damage of pixelated CdZnTe detectors for space applications

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年4月22日

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Hao Chang,
Ming Zeng,
Di Wang,
Hua Feng,
Yang Tian,
Ge Ma,
Xiaofan Pan,
Chen Li,
Zhongming Wang,
Xin Zhuo,
Xutao Zheng,
Yulan Li

摘要

High-performance pixelated CZT detectors that achieve 3D position sensitivity are promising candidates for use in Compton imaging telescopes. We proposed to use pixelated CZT detectors in the MeV Astrophysical Spectroscopic Surveyor (MASS), which is a large area Compton telescope. Nevertheless, the presence of high-energy protons in space can lead to radiation damage in pixelated CZT detectors, causing their performance to degrade gradually. Using non-ionizing energy loss (NIEL), this study develops a method that quantitatively evaluates the radiation damage of detectors in space. To verify the method, this study irradiated two $2\times 2\times 1\text { cm}^3$ $2 \times 2 \times 1 {cm}^{3}$ pixelated CZT detectors with 100 MeV protons at fluences ranging from $3\times 10^7\text { p}^+/\text {cm}^2$ $3 \times 10^{7} p^{+} / {cm}^{2}$ to $ 3\times 10^9\text { p}^+/\text {cm}^2$ $3 \times 10^{9} p^{+} / {cm}^{2}$ under two bias sets. When the proton fluence reaches $3 \times 10^9 \text { p}^+/\text {cm}^2$ $3 \times 10^{9} p^{+} / {cm}^{2}$ , the energy resolution of the detectors significantly deteriorates to $3.8\%$ $3.8 %$ at 511 keV (FWHM/E), even after post-correction. Finally, this study provides engineering considerations for their application in space.