Developing a DEA-compatible input–output indicator framework for assessing sustainable tourist consumption under SDG 12
摘要
This study proposes a DEA-compatible indicator framework for assessing sustainable consumption and production (SCP) in tourism, aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG 12). Despite the growing emphasis on responsible tourism, existing sustainability assessment frameworks provide limited guidance for operationalizing consumption-oriented indicators suitable for Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In response, the study identifies context-sensitive input and output domains capable of supporting future DEA-based sustainability benchmarking in tourism destinations and related tourism enterprises. Using a methodological triangulation approach integrating the Delphi technique and in-depth interviews, the study systematically derives input and output domains relevant to responsible tourist consumption. The findings identify 22 validated indicators, structured into 11 input and 11 output domains, which collectively establish a DEA-compatible measurement framework for evaluating sustainability performance at destination and organizational levels. Rather than conducting empirical DEA estimation, the study offers a methodological contribution by developing the operational measurement architecture required for future frontier-based sustainability assessment. The proposed domains integrate economic, environmental, and socio-cultural dimensions of responsible consumption, thereby strengthening the applicability of DEA for sustainability-oriented tourism evaluation. The framework further provides policymakers and destination managers with a structured basis for monitoring resource efficiency, responsible consumption behavior, and sustainability performance across tourism decision-making units (DMUs).