<p>The development of an ecological civilization incorporates carbon peaking and carbon neutrality into its overall framework, requiring institutional innovation to coordinate environmental protection, economic development and regional coordination. Against this backdrop, carbon emission reduction must not only focus on the aggregate targets of carbon emission reduction but also promote inter-regional carbon equity in a coordinated manner. Whilst there has been extensive discussion on carbon emission reduction, the role of industrial spatial planning in driving carbon equity has yet to be effectively elucidated. Based on China’s provincial panel data from 2013 to 2023, this paper explores the multidimensional effects of new energy industry agglomeration on carbon equity from the perspective of low-carbon innovation ecosystem. The results indicate that the agglomeration of new energy industries can significantly promote carbon equity, and this conclusion remains valid following a series of robustness tests, including replacing the dependent variable, controlling for historical policy-related confounders, and adjusting the sample; the heterogeneity analysis shows that the positive effect of new energy industry agglomeration on carbon equity is more obvious in eastern China, energy-rich areas, economically lagging areas, and low-urbanization areas; the moderating effect analysis shows that new energy industry agglomeration has more obvious effects on carbon equity. Moderation analysis indicates that, within the framework of a low-carbon innovation ecosystem, technological innovation subjects, R&amp;D resources and government support all exert positive moderating effects on the impact of the new energy industry agglomeration on carbon equity, and exhibit significant threshold effects. This study offers valuable insights for policymakers crafting tailored regional strategies, advancing coordinated development, and fast-tracking the achievement of China’s “Dual Carbon” goals.</p>