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<p>Growing urbanization has intensified environmental stress in cities, affecting urban livability through altered thermal regimes, reduced vegetation cover, and constrained water resources. Assessing urban environmental livability (UEL) requires an integrative approach that combines remote sensing, geospatial analysis, and field-based validation to capture both ecological and socio-perceptual dimensions. This study implements the framework in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area, the largest urban agglomeration in eastern India, using multi-source satellite data (Landsat, MODIS, VIIRS) to derive fundamental indicators, like LST, Night-time LST (NLST), MNDWI, Wetness Index, IBI, NLI, and extreme temperature events in Google Earth Engine (GEE). Indicators were normalized and weighted via a hybrid Entropy-AHP approach, and the composite UEL was computed using Inverse Distance Weighting and validated through stratified field surveys. Results reveal substantial spatial heterogeneity in environmental livability across the study area. The central and southeastern cores exhibit high thermal stress, low water availability, and dense built-up areas, classified as ‘very low’ and ‘low’ livability zones. Peripheral and green space-dominated areas demonstrate ‘high’ and ‘very high’ livability conditions due to lower temperatures, greater vegetation, and better hydrological balance. Thermal indicators (LST, NLST) and built-up density (IBI) emerge as dominant drivers of UEL, while water-related indices (MNDWI, Wetness Index) provide crucial cooling and ecological benefits. The study underscores the importance of green-blue infrastructure, climate-responsive urban design, and data-driven policy interventions in enhancing urban resilience. The proposed UEL framework offers a robust tool for planners and policymakers to monitor environmental quality and implement sustainable strategies for climate-adaptive, livable cities.</p>

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Urban environmental livability assessment through multi-source remote sensing and hybrid entropy-AHP model: a case study of the largest urban agglomeration in Eastern India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月14日

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  • Subrata Ghosh,
  • Nilanjana Das Chatterjee,
  • Santanu Dinda

摘要

Growing urbanization has intensified environmental stress in cities, affecting urban livability through altered thermal regimes, reduced vegetation cover, and constrained water resources. Assessing urban environmental livability (UEL) requires an integrative approach that combines remote sensing, geospatial analysis, and field-based validation to capture both ecological and socio-perceptual dimensions. This study implements the framework in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area, the largest urban agglomeration in eastern India, using multi-source satellite data (Landsat, MODIS, VIIRS) to derive fundamental indicators, like LST, Night-time LST (NLST), MNDWI, Wetness Index, IBI, NLI, and extreme temperature events in Google Earth Engine (GEE). Indicators were normalized and weighted via a hybrid Entropy-AHP approach, and the composite UEL was computed using Inverse Distance Weighting and validated through stratified field surveys. Results reveal substantial spatial heterogeneity in environmental livability across the study area. The central and southeastern cores exhibit high thermal stress, low water availability, and dense built-up areas, classified as ‘very low’ and ‘low’ livability zones. Peripheral and green space-dominated areas demonstrate ‘high’ and ‘very high’ livability conditions due to lower temperatures, greater vegetation, and better hydrological balance. Thermal indicators (LST, NLST) and built-up density (IBI) emerge as dominant drivers of UEL, while water-related indices (MNDWI, Wetness Index) provide crucial cooling and ecological benefits. The study underscores the importance of green-blue infrastructure, climate-responsive urban design, and data-driven policy interventions in enhancing urban resilience. The proposed UEL framework offers a robust tool for planners and policymakers to monitor environmental quality and implement sustainable strategies for climate-adaptive, livable cities.