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<p>To deploy the Indian National Policy on Electronics, with 50% incentive to handle electronic waste of phones under UN SDG 12 i.e. responsible consumption and production, and to manages the demand–supply imbalances across the supply chain, a techno-economic-environmental closed-loop supply chain model is proposed. The model uses the methodology of stochastic chance constrained mixed-integer linear programming. The supply chain model has been developed using circular economy concepts, where reverse supply chain uses the 5R idea with end-of-life and end-of-use. The multi-feed, multi-product, multi-echelon, multi-period uncertainty-based paradigm fits worldwide E-waste challenges. The soft stochastic probabilistic model generates positive net present value of INR 657.2 billon for 2014–2025 with three-year intervals of forward and reverse movement, time value of money, depreciation and carbon credits. Model estimates infrastructure (45.24%), and domestic production (41.33%) as major cost contributor. In addition to domestic production, imports are used to avoid stockouts with 12.35% cost contribution. Through circular life cycle assessment and carbon credit, the model reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 98.94%. Recycling 60% of outdated, unused, and damaged phone products saves 9.5% of raw materials and increases 5.23% of profit. The study’s implications and recommendations are useful for tackling varying product demand, helping government bodies, business entrepreneurs interested in sustainable reverse supply chain profitability. Also, it benefits other stakeholders such as environmentalists, R&amp;D funding agencies working in E-waste sector.</p>

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Is e-waste to wealth feasible? A stochasticity based circular economic closed loop supply chain approach in a smart city

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Kapil Gumte,
  • Sourav Mondal,
  • Sundar Rengasamy

摘要

To deploy the Indian National Policy on Electronics, with 50% incentive to handle electronic waste of phones under UN SDG 12 i.e. responsible consumption and production, and to manages the demand–supply imbalances across the supply chain, a techno-economic-environmental closed-loop supply chain model is proposed. The model uses the methodology of stochastic chance constrained mixed-integer linear programming. The supply chain model has been developed using circular economy concepts, where reverse supply chain uses the 5R idea with end-of-life and end-of-use. The multi-feed, multi-product, multi-echelon, multi-period uncertainty-based paradigm fits worldwide E-waste challenges. The soft stochastic probabilistic model generates positive net present value of INR 657.2 billon for 2014–2025 with three-year intervals of forward and reverse movement, time value of money, depreciation and carbon credits. Model estimates infrastructure (45.24%), and domestic production (41.33%) as major cost contributor. In addition to domestic production, imports are used to avoid stockouts with 12.35% cost contribution. Through circular life cycle assessment and carbon credit, the model reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 98.94%. Recycling 60% of outdated, unused, and damaged phone products saves 9.5% of raw materials and increases 5.23% of profit. The study’s implications and recommendations are useful for tackling varying product demand, helping government bodies, business entrepreneurs interested in sustainable reverse supply chain profitability. Also, it benefits other stakeholders such as environmentalists, R&D funding agencies working in E-waste sector.