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<p>Forests provide essential ecosystem services that help people cope with increasing urban pressures and modern life stressors. Snow-covered forests are particularly valuable in winter when green spaces are limited, yet demand for psychological and physiological restoration remains high. This study, using virtual reality (VR) technology, involved 294 participants to examine how environmental perceptions in forests influenced health benefits and to compare restorative effects across forest types. The research aims to match forest types with specific restoration needs to improve the targeting and effectiveness of winter forest health interventions. Findings reveal that (1) forest type and spatial structure were crucial for physiological restoration, while psychological restoration was more influenced by spatial depth, landscape diversity, and color perception. Different indicators suggest that spatial depth and hierarchical structure correlated with electroencephalogram activity, whereas rich plant diversity and bright colors promoted psychological relaxation and effectively reduced tension and stress. (2) The snow-covered broadleaf forest best supported physiological restoration, especially in blood pressure recovery, but not all snow-covered forests yielded significant psychological benefits. Meanwhile, the coniferous forest more strongly enhanced psychological states. These results provide a scientific basis for designing winter forest health interventions by selecting appropriate forest types and spatial configurations based on specific restoration needs. This approach supports the sustainable use of forest resources by integrating planning with public health goals. It also contributes to the development of sustainable forest landscapes that offer immediate restorative benefits while promoting long-term urban resilience and ecological well-being. </p>

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Exploring the restorative potential of snow-covered forests through VR with implications for sustainable forest planning

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月28日

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  • Siyao Yang,
  • Yu Gao,
  • Shu Li,
  • Weikang Zhang,
  • Huan Meng,
  • Zhi Zhang,
  • Tong Zhang

摘要

Forests provide essential ecosystem services that help people cope with increasing urban pressures and modern life stressors. Snow-covered forests are particularly valuable in winter when green spaces are limited, yet demand for psychological and physiological restoration remains high. This study, using virtual reality (VR) technology, involved 294 participants to examine how environmental perceptions in forests influenced health benefits and to compare restorative effects across forest types. The research aims to match forest types with specific restoration needs to improve the targeting and effectiveness of winter forest health interventions. Findings reveal that (1) forest type and spatial structure were crucial for physiological restoration, while psychological restoration was more influenced by spatial depth, landscape diversity, and color perception. Different indicators suggest that spatial depth and hierarchical structure correlated with electroencephalogram activity, whereas rich plant diversity and bright colors promoted psychological relaxation and effectively reduced tension and stress. (2) The snow-covered broadleaf forest best supported physiological restoration, especially in blood pressure recovery, but not all snow-covered forests yielded significant psychological benefits. Meanwhile, the coniferous forest more strongly enhanced psychological states. These results provide a scientific basis for designing winter forest health interventions by selecting appropriate forest types and spatial configurations based on specific restoration needs. This approach supports the sustainable use of forest resources by integrating planning with public health goals. It also contributes to the development of sustainable forest landscapes that offer immediate restorative benefits while promoting long-term urban resilience and ecological well-being.