<p>The allocation of carbon emission rights urgently needs to reflect the characteristics of digitalization and intelligence to propel the low-carbon transition. For the first time, this study integrates digital-intelligent integrated productivity factors into carbon emission rights allocation schemes. Guided by the principles of efficiency, equity, economic security, and feasibility, it examines the inter-provincial carbon emission rights allocation in China during 14th Five-Year Plan (14FYP, 2021–2025) and 15th Five-Year Plan (15FYP, 2026–2030). The results show that: (1) During the 15th Five-Year Plan, there is a significant disparity in the carbon emissions rights allocations across provinces in China. The five provinces with the largest allocations are Guangdong, Jiangsu, Henan, Liaoning, and Beijing, with a total allocation share of 29.16%. The five provinces with the smallest allocations are Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Qinghai, and Hebei, with a total allocation share of only 8.78%. (2) Compared to the 14 FYP, only four provinces (Hebei, Hubei, Shandong, and Inner Mongolia) experienced a decrease in carbon emissions rights allocation during the 15FYP, while the allocations of other provinces generally increased, with varying growth rates. (3) During the 15FYP, there is a clear contradiction between carbon emissions, emission reduction potential, pressure, and cost across various provinces. Except for some provinces in the eastern coastal regions, other provinces show an imbalance between carbon emissions and their emission reduction potential, pressure, and costs. The findings offer evidence for shaping carbon reduction policies in the 15FYP.</p>