<p>Current research on the drivers of landscape ecological risk, whether from local or global perspectives, has predominantly assessed the magnitude of their effects but overlooked the spatial distribution of their impacts. This study takes Northwest Hubei Province (NWHB, a national ecological reserve in China) as the research area. From the perspective of “area-distribution-structure,” multiple landscape pattern indices were selected to systematically reveal the dynamic change of the landscape pattern in NWHB from 1990 to 2020, and to comprehensively assess its landscape ecological risks. Furthermore, this study attempts to clarify how multidimensional driving factors spatially affect basic landscape pattern indicators related to ecological risk. The results indicated that between 1990 and 2020, NWHB experienced significant landscape transformation: a 28.21% decrease in the Largest Patch Index and a 48.18% decrease in the Aggregation Index collectively signal a trend towards substantial landscape fragmentation. Concurrently, a 46.15% increase in Shannon’s Diversity Index reflects a more mixed landscape. In the western and northern regions with increasing slope and rising temperatures, the landscape has gradually become fragmented. In the central region, landscape fragmentation is primarily attributed to urbanization development. The impact of distance variables on landscape changes exhibits significant spatial heterogeneity. However, increased vegetation coverage slightly reduced the landscape ecological risk in NWHB, and the low-risk areas increased by 7.35%, the high-risk areas reduced by 3.81%. Based on the above research, this study proposes measures such as reducing climate-driven fragmentation in northern and western areas and guiding urban expansion toward aggregated forms in central and eastern regions to achieve sustainable land use planning.</p>