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<p>Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces the urgent challenge of expanding energy access while limiting environmental degradation, heightening the need for investments that support a low-carbon transition. This study investigates how Environmentally-Responsible Foreign Direct Investment (ER-FDI) influences green productivity (GP) in SSA’s energy sector through technology transfer and structural upgrading. We construct a DEA–Malmquist green productivity index for 31 SSA countries from 2010 to 2020 and estimate dynamic panel models, including system GMM and fixed-effects approaches, to address persistence, unobserved heterogeneity, and endogeneity. The results showed that ER-FDI consistently and significantly enhances green productivity, with the strongest gains observed in countries that exhibit higher emission productivity and more advanced industrial structures. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that ER-FDI yields larger productivity improvements in energy-intensive and service-oriented economies, and in countries with stronger institutional frameworks, greener energy mixes, and higher green-technology absorption capacity. Sector-level evidence further indicates that ER-FDI accelerates technological upgrading and environmental efficiency, particularly where domestic capabilities complement foreign green technologies. These findings underscore the importance of integrating FDI attraction strategies with industrial upgrading, environmental regulation, and human-capital strengthening. The study concludes that scaling up high-quality ER-FDI can meaningfully accelerate SSA’s low-carbon energy transition, provided that complementary domestic policies enhance absorptive capacity and safeguard environmental standards.</p>

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Greening Sub-Saharan Africa’s energy sector: The effect of environmentally-responsible FDI on green productivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • Francis Atta Sarpong,
  • Lulu Gu,
  • Peter Sappor,
  • Esther Agyeiwaa Owusu,
  • George Nyantakyi,
  • Rebecca Otiwaa,
  • Deborah Adjei Bimpeh,
  • Faustina Asiedu

摘要

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) faces the urgent challenge of expanding energy access while limiting environmental degradation, heightening the need for investments that support a low-carbon transition. This study investigates how Environmentally-Responsible Foreign Direct Investment (ER-FDI) influences green productivity (GP) in SSA’s energy sector through technology transfer and structural upgrading. We construct a DEA–Malmquist green productivity index for 31 SSA countries from 2010 to 2020 and estimate dynamic panel models, including system GMM and fixed-effects approaches, to address persistence, unobserved heterogeneity, and endogeneity. The results showed that ER-FDI consistently and significantly enhances green productivity, with the strongest gains observed in countries that exhibit higher emission productivity and more advanced industrial structures. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that ER-FDI yields larger productivity improvements in energy-intensive and service-oriented economies, and in countries with stronger institutional frameworks, greener energy mixes, and higher green-technology absorption capacity. Sector-level evidence further indicates that ER-FDI accelerates technological upgrading and environmental efficiency, particularly where domestic capabilities complement foreign green technologies. These findings underscore the importance of integrating FDI attraction strategies with industrial upgrading, environmental regulation, and human-capital strengthening. The study concludes that scaling up high-quality ER-FDI can meaningfully accelerate SSA’s low-carbon energy transition, provided that complementary domestic policies enhance absorptive capacity and safeguard environmental standards.