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<p>Household activities play a growing role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet their income-expenditure feedbacks within production systems remain underexplored. This study develops a semi-closed environmentally extended input–output (EEIO) model for Australia by endogenizing the Household sector within intermediate transactions and integrating time-series input–output tables with national GHG emission accounts for 2010–11 to 2020–21. Decomposition results indicate the emission intensity effect resulted in the GHG emissions decreasing by 107353.42 Gg CO₂-e from 2010–11 to 2015–16 and 153283.27 Gg CO₂-e from 2015–16 to 2020–21, offsetting the increasingly positive effects of production structure and final demand. Linkage analysis reveals the Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services sector emerges as the most effective GHG reduction leverage through its strong intersectoral linkages. The comparison of the open and semi-closed EEIO models shows that endogenizing the Household sector leads to marked changes in the GHG attribution through production structure and final demand effects across nearly all intermediate sectors, except Mining and Construction, highlighting the structural significance of household-induced feedbacks in national carbon accounting. By incorporating household behavior directly into the production-consumption system, this study advances the understanding of socio-economic feedbacks that shape national emission responsibilities, contributing to systems-based approaches to responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) and the broader transition toward net-zero and socially equitable sustainability pathways in Australia.</p>

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Impacts of economic structural changes via endogenising the Household sector into Australian intermediate sectors on greenhouse gas emissions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • He He,
  • Yunhuan Gao,
  • Jianyun Nie,
  • Ehsan Sharifi,
  • Haolan Liao

摘要

Household activities play a growing role in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yet their income-expenditure feedbacks within production systems remain underexplored. This study develops a semi-closed environmentally extended input–output (EEIO) model for Australia by endogenizing the Household sector within intermediate transactions and integrating time-series input–output tables with national GHG emission accounts for 2010–11 to 2020–21. Decomposition results indicate the emission intensity effect resulted in the GHG emissions decreasing by 107353.42 Gg CO₂-e from 2010–11 to 2015–16 and 153283.27 Gg CO₂-e from 2015–16 to 2020–21, offsetting the increasingly positive effects of production structure and final demand. Linkage analysis reveals the Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services sector emerges as the most effective GHG reduction leverage through its strong intersectoral linkages. The comparison of the open and semi-closed EEIO models shows that endogenizing the Household sector leads to marked changes in the GHG attribution through production structure and final demand effects across nearly all intermediate sectors, except Mining and Construction, highlighting the structural significance of household-induced feedbacks in national carbon accounting. By incorporating household behavior directly into the production-consumption system, this study advances the understanding of socio-economic feedbacks that shape national emission responsibilities, contributing to systems-based approaches to responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) and the broader transition toward net-zero and socially equitable sustainability pathways in Australia.