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<p>Achieving agricultural carbon neutrality is crucial for global climate change mitigation, necessitating the construction of efficient crop-livestock closed-loop supply networks. The internal circulation strategy (ICS) refers to a closed-loop circulation strategy formed within the agricultural production system, whereby crop farmers and livestock breeders directly exchange and utilize waste materials. The external circulation strategy (ECS) refers to an open-loop circulation strategy that breaks through traditional agricultural boundaries by incorporating multiple entities such as farmers, livestock breeders, third-party processing centers, retailers, and consumers. Through market-based transactions and specialized processing, waste is converted into resources and reintegrated into the agricultural production process. Given the multiple stakeholders (farmers, breeders, etc.) and their complex, interdependent decisions, this paper applies the supply chain network equilibrium method, an approach well-suited for modeling the behavior of independent agents seeking to optimize their own objectives within a competitive and cooperative system. We analyze how factors such as planting and breeding costs, technological conditions, and carbon sink and subsidy policies influence strategic choices. The results show that: (1) ICS offers more significant economic benefits by converting waste directly into valuable inputs, while ECS provides greater environmental advantages due to its wider recycling scope. (2) Under carbon sink policies, breeders, facing higher emission reduction pressures, show a stronger preference for ICS compared to farmers, as ICS effectively offsets operational risks by absorbing carbon emissions from waste and offering economic benefits. (3) When fertilizer technology levels improve, farmers' willingness to choose ECS increases significantly, driven by the enhanced cost-effectiveness of organic fertilizers, with subsidy policies and fertility advancements demonstrating a synergistic effect in promoting this choice. This paper provides relevant suggestions: governments should strategically prioritize targeted ICS subsidies for high-emission breeders, and concurrently invest in ECS infrastructure and promote fertilizer technology for farmers to enhance organic fertilizer cost-effectiveness. This provides a practical path for optimizing resource utilization and waste management, guiding agricultural stakeholders and policymakers to accelerate the transition towards a low-carbon, circular agriculture with enhanced economic and environmental sustainability.</p>

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Circulation strategic selection for constructing closed-loop crop-livestock supply networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月6日

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  • Jing Chen,
  • Yushi Wang,
  • Jingyi Shi,
  • Yangyi Xu,
  • Bohai Chen

摘要

Achieving agricultural carbon neutrality is crucial for global climate change mitigation, necessitating the construction of efficient crop-livestock closed-loop supply networks. The internal circulation strategy (ICS) refers to a closed-loop circulation strategy formed within the agricultural production system, whereby crop farmers and livestock breeders directly exchange and utilize waste materials. The external circulation strategy (ECS) refers to an open-loop circulation strategy that breaks through traditional agricultural boundaries by incorporating multiple entities such as farmers, livestock breeders, third-party processing centers, retailers, and consumers. Through market-based transactions and specialized processing, waste is converted into resources and reintegrated into the agricultural production process. Given the multiple stakeholders (farmers, breeders, etc.) and their complex, interdependent decisions, this paper applies the supply chain network equilibrium method, an approach well-suited for modeling the behavior of independent agents seeking to optimize their own objectives within a competitive and cooperative system. We analyze how factors such as planting and breeding costs, technological conditions, and carbon sink and subsidy policies influence strategic choices. The results show that: (1) ICS offers more significant economic benefits by converting waste directly into valuable inputs, while ECS provides greater environmental advantages due to its wider recycling scope. (2) Under carbon sink policies, breeders, facing higher emission reduction pressures, show a stronger preference for ICS compared to farmers, as ICS effectively offsets operational risks by absorbing carbon emissions from waste and offering economic benefits. (3) When fertilizer technology levels improve, farmers' willingness to choose ECS increases significantly, driven by the enhanced cost-effectiveness of organic fertilizers, with subsidy policies and fertility advancements demonstrating a synergistic effect in promoting this choice. This paper provides relevant suggestions: governments should strategically prioritize targeted ICS subsidies for high-emission breeders, and concurrently invest in ECS infrastructure and promote fertilizer technology for farmers to enhance organic fertilizer cost-effectiveness. This provides a practical path for optimizing resource utilization and waste management, guiding agricultural stakeholders and policymakers to accelerate the transition towards a low-carbon, circular agriculture with enhanced economic and environmental sustainability.