<p>The continuous process of urbanization and the worsening climate conditions have made contemporary urban systems increasingly complex. Studying the relationship between urban expansion and urban resilience is crucial for the sustainable development of cities. In this study, we use panel data from 16 cities in the Chengdu–Chongqing urban agglomeration covering the years 2006–2021. The spatial–temporal research shows that although Chengdu and Chongqing have always led in urban resilience, the gap between them is gradually narrowing. The coupling coordination degree among the four subsystems of urban resilience shows a clear upward trend, indicating improved regional integration within the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration. In addition, the GTWR model was employed to examine the dynamic and spatially heterogeneous impacts of urban expansion on urban resilience. The results reveal that the impact of urban expansion gradually shifts from an early-stage promotive effect to a suppressive one, with the negative influence being particularly pronounced in larger core cities. These conclusions hold significant implications for the steady improvement of urban resilience and the promotion of sustainable urban development.</p>