<p>Ethiopia’s heavy reliance on biomass energy, accounting for over 80% of the national energy supply, poses significant environmental, health, and socio-economic challenges, especially in rural communities like Gursum Woreda in the Somali region. The unsustainable use of biomass fuels contributes to deforestation, land degradation, and respiratory health issues, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions. This study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from structured questionnaires administered to 384 households with qualitative insights gathered through focus group discussions and key informant interviews with local stakeholders. The findings reveal that biomass remains the primary energy source for most households, with consumption levels strongly influenced by household size, income, education, and land tenure. Larger and lower-income households depend more heavily on biomass, with firewood accounting for approximately 60% of their energy use, exacerbating environmental degradation and health risks. Qualitative data corroborate these results, highlighting barriers such as high costs and limited access to cleaner energy alternatives. The study concludes that promoting affordable, culturally appropriate technologies like improved cookstoves, expanding access to solar and biogas solutions, and enhancing community-based resource management are essential steps toward reducing biomass dependence. Policy interventions should focus on increasing awareness, providing financial support, and building infrastructure to facilitate the adoption of sustainable energy options, ultimately improving environmental health and socio-economic resilience in Gursum and similar regions.</p>