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<p>The pursuit of sustainable development amid rapid economic expansion presents a critical challenge for emerging economies. Focusing on Bangladesh, this study examines the impact of CO₂ emissions, renewable energy consumption, and participation in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on economic growth from 1990 to 2021. To assess these relationships, we apply an augmented Cobb–Douglas production framework alongside ARDL and Granger causality techniques. The analysis yields three key findings. First, environmental degradation from CO₂ emissions presents a significant barrier to long-term growth, reinforcing the urgency of decarbonization. Second, renewable energy adoption exerts a negative economic effect, limited by high costs and operational inefficiencies. Third, while BRI infrastructure investments offer short-term economic benefits, they may compromise long-term sustainability. Together, these findings underscore the need for policymakers to align infrastructure investment, energy transition, and emissions reduction within a framework of sound governance. Achieving sustainable development will depend on integrated energy strategies, renegotiated international partnerships grounded in green financing, and more selective criteria for BRI project approval.</p>

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CO₂ emissions, renewable energy, and belt and road initiative tradeoffs in Bangladesh's growth: an ARDL-based multifactor analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Md Ali Emam,
  • Zhang Zhixin,
  • Ehsan Elahi,
  • Chen Ziang,
  • Ubair Nisar

摘要

The pursuit of sustainable development amid rapid economic expansion presents a critical challenge for emerging economies. Focusing on Bangladesh, this study examines the impact of CO₂ emissions, renewable energy consumption, and participation in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on economic growth from 1990 to 2021. To assess these relationships, we apply an augmented Cobb–Douglas production framework alongside ARDL and Granger causality techniques. The analysis yields three key findings. First, environmental degradation from CO₂ emissions presents a significant barrier to long-term growth, reinforcing the urgency of decarbonization. Second, renewable energy adoption exerts a negative economic effect, limited by high costs and operational inefficiencies. Third, while BRI infrastructure investments offer short-term economic benefits, they may compromise long-term sustainability. Together, these findings underscore the need for policymakers to align infrastructure investment, energy transition, and emissions reduction within a framework of sound governance. Achieving sustainable development will depend on integrated energy strategies, renegotiated international partnerships grounded in green financing, and more selective criteria for BRI project approval.