<p>Amid global economic, social, and environmental transformations, enterprises are facing dual pressures from digitalization and green transitions. Simultaneously, geopolitical risks have been exacerbated in recent years by information warfare, exemplified by the Russia–Ukraine conflict, which has further challenged enterprise development through technological blockades and supply chain disruptions. Although carbon trading policies have gradually played a vital role in advancing the green economy, their effects on enterprise digitalization in such complex external environments remain underexplored. To this end, this study examines A-share listed enterprises in China from 2008 to 2023, employing a difference-in-differences approach to evaluate the effects of carbon trading policies on enterprise digitalization. The findings reveal that carbon trading policies enhance enterprise digitalization levels, a conclusion that holds across multiple robustness tests. Mechanism analysis further indicates that carbon trading policies indirectly promote enterprise digitalization by fostering green technological innovation. To uncover how external shocks influence policy effectiveness, the paper constructs an "information warfare index" encompassing macro-, meso-, and micro-level dimensions to quantify the disruptive effects of external turbulence. The results show that an increase in the intensity of information warfare significantly weakens this policy effect. Additionally, the policy effect varies according to ownership type and enterprise size. The primary contributions of this paper lie in proposing and quantifying the "information warfare index" for the first time, revealing how external shocks affect the implementation outcomes of carbon trading policies, and providing novel empirical evidence for policy optimization and sustainable enterprise development.</p>