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<p>Stockpiled hazardous waste (SHW) poses a significant and long-term threat to environmental safety and sustainable development globally. In China, despite progress in managing newly generated waste, systematic knowledge regarding the magnitude, composition, and risks of legacy SHW remains limited, hindering effective governance. This study combines a comprehensive literature review with quantitative data analysis to investigate the quantitative characteristics, spatiotemporal evolution, and environmental risks of SHW in China. The main findings indicate a total SHW stockpile of 2.85 billion metric tons, primarily comprising gold smelting cyanide slag (28%), lead–zinc smelting slag (22%), municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (25%), asbestos-containing waste (12%), and industrial waste salts (13%). In terms of disposal, 80.9% is contained in tailings ponds, 15.6% in sanitary landfills, and 3.5% in standardized storage facilities. Key governance challenges include decentralized regulatory oversight, inadequate control standards, and persistent leakage risks due to technical limitations in early detection and non-invasive remediation. This study proposes a multi-tiered policy framework to systematically address the relevant challenges. The framework prioritizes high-risk facilities, progressively eliminating risks through exemplary governance; simultaneously, it enhances the national environmental management system, clarifying phased management requirements for existing facilities, and establishes comprehensive technical specifications covering inspection, assessment, and remediation. The findings provide a critical evidence base for developing sustainable, long-term risk management strategies for SHW in China and other industrializing nations.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Characteristics, status and management of stockpiled hazardous waste: a case study of China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • Yanyu Yang,
  • Can Qian,
  • Yuqiang Liu,
  • Ming Xie,
  • Ruihao Yang,
  • Tengjiao Wei,
  • Shoujun Wang,
  • Ya Xu,
  • Zewei Liu

摘要

Stockpiled hazardous waste (SHW) poses a significant and long-term threat to environmental safety and sustainable development globally. In China, despite progress in managing newly generated waste, systematic knowledge regarding the magnitude, composition, and risks of legacy SHW remains limited, hindering effective governance. This study combines a comprehensive literature review with quantitative data analysis to investigate the quantitative characteristics, spatiotemporal evolution, and environmental risks of SHW in China. The main findings indicate a total SHW stockpile of 2.85 billion metric tons, primarily comprising gold smelting cyanide slag (28%), lead–zinc smelting slag (22%), municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (25%), asbestos-containing waste (12%), and industrial waste salts (13%). In terms of disposal, 80.9% is contained in tailings ponds, 15.6% in sanitary landfills, and 3.5% in standardized storage facilities. Key governance challenges include decentralized regulatory oversight, inadequate control standards, and persistent leakage risks due to technical limitations in early detection and non-invasive remediation. This study proposes a multi-tiered policy framework to systematically address the relevant challenges. The framework prioritizes high-risk facilities, progressively eliminating risks through exemplary governance; simultaneously, it enhances the national environmental management system, clarifying phased management requirements for existing facilities, and establishes comprehensive technical specifications covering inspection, assessment, and remediation. The findings provide a critical evidence base for developing sustainable, long-term risk management strategies for SHW in China and other industrializing nations.

Graphical abstract