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<p>A longer human life remains the ultimate objective of all human activities. Over the years, significant improvements have indeed been witnessed, yet there is still a pressing need for further progress. BRICS nations comprise more than half of the world’s population, and studying their population dynamics is very important. In this scenario, this article examined the dynamic impact of carbon emissions and globalization on male–female life expectancy in BRICS nations from 1990 to 2023. We extended the traditional health production function by incorporating CO₂ emissions, globalization, and immunization as additional explanatory variables. Panel ordinary least squares, fixed effects modeling, fully modified ordinary least squares, and quantile regression were applied to examine static and dynamic relationships among the model’s variables. The results of panel ordinary least squares, fixed effects modeling, and fully modified ordinary least squares reveal that CO₂ emissions have an inverse impact on male life expectancy, whereas their adverse effect on female life expectancy is comparatively smaller. The estimates of quantile regression explain that higher income improves male life expectancy, but its effects on women’s life expectancy at the upper quantile are mixed, highlighting gender-specific inequalities at advanced stages of economic growth. In lower-quantile contexts, where baseline health conditions are weaker, intensified pollution and rapid global market integration exert adverse outcomes for men. Conversely, women benefit more distinctly from globalization when their life expectancy is already moderate to high, potentially reflecting better healthcare access or protective social factors. Across all quantiles, immunization coverage remains robustly positive, emphasizing vaccination drives as a key factor in enhancing survival rates. The study recommends strengthening emission controls in vulnerable communities, bolstering social safety nets to counteract inflation’s erosion of healthcare access, and expanding immunization and gender-focused health interventions within the BRICS region.</p>

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CO₂ emissions, globalization, and health: A dynamic panel analysis of life expectancy in BRICS

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Marc Audi,
  • Marc Poulin,
  • Khalil Ahmad,
  • Amjad Ali

摘要

A longer human life remains the ultimate objective of all human activities. Over the years, significant improvements have indeed been witnessed, yet there is still a pressing need for further progress. BRICS nations comprise more than half of the world’s population, and studying their population dynamics is very important. In this scenario, this article examined the dynamic impact of carbon emissions and globalization on male–female life expectancy in BRICS nations from 1990 to 2023. We extended the traditional health production function by incorporating CO₂ emissions, globalization, and immunization as additional explanatory variables. Panel ordinary least squares, fixed effects modeling, fully modified ordinary least squares, and quantile regression were applied to examine static and dynamic relationships among the model’s variables. The results of panel ordinary least squares, fixed effects modeling, and fully modified ordinary least squares reveal that CO₂ emissions have an inverse impact on male life expectancy, whereas their adverse effect on female life expectancy is comparatively smaller. The estimates of quantile regression explain that higher income improves male life expectancy, but its effects on women’s life expectancy at the upper quantile are mixed, highlighting gender-specific inequalities at advanced stages of economic growth. In lower-quantile contexts, where baseline health conditions are weaker, intensified pollution and rapid global market integration exert adverse outcomes for men. Conversely, women benefit more distinctly from globalization when their life expectancy is already moderate to high, potentially reflecting better healthcare access or protective social factors. Across all quantiles, immunization coverage remains robustly positive, emphasizing vaccination drives as a key factor in enhancing survival rates. The study recommends strengthening emission controls in vulnerable communities, bolstering social safety nets to counteract inflation’s erosion of healthcare access, and expanding immunization and gender-focused health interventions within the BRICS region.