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<p>Climate change increases agricultural vulnerability to climatic shocks, posing a threat to sustainable agri-food production. Climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) have grown increasingly vital for smallholder farmers to counteract climate change’s adverse effects on crop yields and food security. This study examines the determinants of CSAPs adoption intensity and estimates their impacts on maize yield and household consumption among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. To address selection bias from observed and unobserved factors, we employed a conditional mixed process (CMP) modeling framework. The study used data from 601 smallholder farmers in three major maize-growing districts of Ethiopia, collected between January and April 2025. Our findings show that intensifying the adoption of CSAPs significantly increases maize yield by 3.766 quintals per hectare (equivalent to 376.6&#xa0;kg/ha) and improves maize consumption per adult equivalent by 0.404 quintals (equivalent to 40.4&#xa0;kg). Our findings further indicate that the adoption intensity of CSAPs increased significantly with education, family labor, livestock ownership, access to climate information, climate change awareness, membership in a farmer group, prior experience with CSAPs, and training. To verify the robustness of our findings, we implemented a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation approach, providing results that demonstrate strong consistency with our baseline estimates. Heterogeneity analysis further reveals variations in both yield and consumption at the district level. Our findings suggest that to enhance maize yields and ensure food security, policymakers and development practitioners should encourage higher CSAPs adoption intensity through expanded farmer education, practical training initiatives, and strengthened farmer-based organizations.</p>

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Climate-smart agricultural practices adoption intensity: determinants and impacts on crop production and consumption among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月3日

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  • Agerie Nega Wassihun,
  • Yuchun Zhu,
  • Amenu Leta Duguma,
  • Kokou Dangui

摘要

Climate change increases agricultural vulnerability to climatic shocks, posing a threat to sustainable agri-food production. Climate-smart agricultural practices (CSAPs) have grown increasingly vital for smallholder farmers to counteract climate change’s adverse effects on crop yields and food security. This study examines the determinants of CSAPs adoption intensity and estimates their impacts on maize yield and household consumption among smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. To address selection bias from observed and unobserved factors, we employed a conditional mixed process (CMP) modeling framework. The study used data from 601 smallholder farmers in three major maize-growing districts of Ethiopia, collected between January and April 2025. Our findings show that intensifying the adoption of CSAPs significantly increases maize yield by 3.766 quintals per hectare (equivalent to 376.6 kg/ha) and improves maize consumption per adult equivalent by 0.404 quintals (equivalent to 40.4 kg). Our findings further indicate that the adoption intensity of CSAPs increased significantly with education, family labor, livestock ownership, access to climate information, climate change awareness, membership in a farmer group, prior experience with CSAPs, and training. To verify the robustness of our findings, we implemented a two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation approach, providing results that demonstrate strong consistency with our baseline estimates. Heterogeneity analysis further reveals variations in both yield and consumption at the district level. Our findings suggest that to enhance maize yields and ensure food security, policymakers and development practitioners should encourage higher CSAPs adoption intensity through expanded farmer education, practical training initiatives, and strengthened farmer-based organizations.