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<p>Water pollution is a common global challenge. China proposed the strictest water resources management (SWRM) policy in 2011 to address its growing water pollution and water crisis. However, the effectiveness of water pollution control following the implementation of SWRM remains insufficiently investigated. This study applies the undesirable outputs SBM-GML model, Kernel density estimation, and Tobit panel regression to explore water pollution control efficiency (WPCE) across Chinese provinces. The findings reveal that WPCE has significantly improved since the implementation of the SWRM. WPCE development can be divided into four distinct stages and exhibits notable regional heterogeneity. Technological progress is the main driver of improvements in the GML index. The spatial distribution of WPCE shows a trend of local convergence. Water use efficiency, precipitation, and sewage treatment facilities contribute positively to WPCE, whereas fertilizer application, water resource endowments, and regional openness exert significant negative effects. This study not only provides robust evidence of the effectiveness of SWRM policy but also contributes replicable analytical frameworks and practical pathways for Global South to reconcile the “development-pollution” dilemma.</p>

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Validating the effectiveness of the strictest water management policy in China: evidence from water pollution control

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月31日

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  • Jialin He,
  • Jinbo Song,
  • Min Wang,
  • Zhe Cheng

摘要

Water pollution is a common global challenge. China proposed the strictest water resources management (SWRM) policy in 2011 to address its growing water pollution and water crisis. However, the effectiveness of water pollution control following the implementation of SWRM remains insufficiently investigated. This study applies the undesirable outputs SBM-GML model, Kernel density estimation, and Tobit panel regression to explore water pollution control efficiency (WPCE) across Chinese provinces. The findings reveal that WPCE has significantly improved since the implementation of the SWRM. WPCE development can be divided into four distinct stages and exhibits notable regional heterogeneity. Technological progress is the main driver of improvements in the GML index. The spatial distribution of WPCE shows a trend of local convergence. Water use efficiency, precipitation, and sewage treatment facilities contribute positively to WPCE, whereas fertilizer application, water resource endowments, and regional openness exert significant negative effects. This study not only provides robust evidence of the effectiveness of SWRM policy but also contributes replicable analytical frameworks and practical pathways for Global South to reconcile the “development-pollution” dilemma.