<p>Spatial disparities in climatic conditions, economic foundations, and technological levels lead to significant differentiation in climate adaptation development patterns. Accurately revealing regional climate adaptation development patterns is crucial for exploring coordinated response strategies and mitigating the negative impacts of adaptation process imbalances. Therefore, this study takes 31 provinces in China from 2013 to 2022 as the research objects and proceeds from the response mechanisms of major urban functional dimensions under the impact of climate change to extract multidimensional features from complex spatiotemporal evolutions. Incorporating spatiotemporal characteristics, four key indicators— “absolute quantity,” “increment,” “growth rate,” and “degree of variation” —are extracted to establish clustering criteria reflecting differences in climate adaptation development levels, potential, and stability among different provinces. On this basis, this study employs hierarchical clustering for pattern recognition. The study finds that, despite the inter-provincial heterogeneity, the overall trend of climate adaptation shows four differentiated development patterns: “taking the lead”, exemplified by economically advanced regions such as Zhejiang and Shanghai; “full of potential”, exemplified by traditional energy bases like Shanxi and Gansu; “closely following”, exemplified by resource-rich regions such as Anhui and Shandong; and “pending transformation”, exemplified by the old industrial bases such as Liaoning and Jilin. The research results are conducive to helping provinces accurately position themselves relative to benchmark provinces nationwide, providing empirical support and decision-making guidance for deepening regionally coordinated climate adaptation strategies.</p>