<p>Mutual empowerment and coordination between manufacturing green development (MGD) and ecological resilience (ER) are intrinsic requirements of sustainable development. This study examines the spatial–temporal evolution of the coupling coordination degree (CCD) between MGD and ER in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) from 2003 to 2020, along with its driving factors, using the coupling coordination degree model (CCDM), exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDa), Dagum Gini coefficient, spatial Markov chain, and GeoDetector model. The study reveals that: (1) The CCD progressed from moderate imbalance to primary coordination, with high-quality coordinated development still far from being achieved, as most cities remain in the primary coordination phase. The spatial differences in CCD are pronounced, showing a “high in the east and low in the west” pattern. (2) The CCD exhibits a notable positive spatial autocorrelation, with the strength of this autocorrelation progressively intensifying. (3) The regional variations in the CCD show a fluctuating downward trend, with inter-regional disparities contributing the most to the overall differences. (4) The evolution of the CCD is a relatively sustained, slowly rising process, with a low likelihood of cross-level transfer, demonstrating a “club convergence” phenomenon, and the spatial context significantly impacts the CCD. (5) Key driving factors include urban scientific and technological innovation, internet penetration, and human capital. Additionally, the interaction between these factors has a greater impact than the independent effect of each individual factor. Based on these findings, differentiated manufacturing development plans and ecological protection measures can be proposed to enhance the CCD of MGD and ER.</p>