<p>Water, land, energy, and carbon are fundamental elements that connect natural systems with social systems. Investigating the coupling coordination (CC) within the regional Water–Land–Energy–Carbon (WLEC) nexus helps achieve multi-objective of resource coupling management and carbon emission reduction. This study developed an evaluation framework to analyze the coupling dynamics of the WLEC nexus, applying it to 63 cities in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), China. The framework facilitated a systematic investigation of the CC within the regional WLEC nexus and identified key factors impeding its optimization. Results showed that: (1) The comprehensive evaluation index (CEI) of the WLEC nexus steadily increased over time, with the land subsystem showing the most significant growth at 25%. Although the CC of the WLEC nexus has improved, it remains at the primary coordination level. (2) The center of gravity of the CC degree was located within Linfen, with a spatial distribution along the northeast-southwest direction. Spatial clustering predominantly featured low-low and high-high agglomerations, with low-low clusters concentrated in the upper reaches and high-high clusters in the lower reaches. (3) Water resources per capita emerged as the primary obstacle constraining the WLEC nexus in the YRB, with an average degree of 14.66%, particularly pronounced in the lower reaches. This study advances the theoretical understanding of multi-element coupling mechanisms at the city scale and offers practical insights for optimizing resource allocation, mitigating environmental pressures, and reducing carbon emissions in the YRB.</p>

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Revealing spatiotemporal dynamics and obstacles of water–land–energy–carbon nexus in cities: a case study of the Yellow River Basin, China

  • Yufei Ji,
  • Rongqin Zhao,
  • Hanbing Li,
  • Zhixiang Xie,
  • Liangang Xiao,
  • Shuangsheng Yao,
  • Yaohui Gao,
  • Haitao Chen,
  • Weixi Ma,
  • Xiaowei Chuai

摘要

Water, land, energy, and carbon are fundamental elements that connect natural systems with social systems. Investigating the coupling coordination (CC) within the regional Water–Land–Energy–Carbon (WLEC) nexus helps achieve multi-objective of resource coupling management and carbon emission reduction. This study developed an evaluation framework to analyze the coupling dynamics of the WLEC nexus, applying it to 63 cities in the Yellow River Basin (YRB), China. The framework facilitated a systematic investigation of the CC within the regional WLEC nexus and identified key factors impeding its optimization. Results showed that: (1) The comprehensive evaluation index (CEI) of the WLEC nexus steadily increased over time, with the land subsystem showing the most significant growth at 25%. Although the CC of the WLEC nexus has improved, it remains at the primary coordination level. (2) The center of gravity of the CC degree was located within Linfen, with a spatial distribution along the northeast-southwest direction. Spatial clustering predominantly featured low-low and high-high agglomerations, with low-low clusters concentrated in the upper reaches and high-high clusters in the lower reaches. (3) Water resources per capita emerged as the primary obstacle constraining the WLEC nexus in the YRB, with an average degree of 14.66%, particularly pronounced in the lower reaches. This study advances the theoretical understanding of multi-element coupling mechanisms at the city scale and offers practical insights for optimizing resource allocation, mitigating environmental pressures, and reducing carbon emissions in the YRB.