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<p>Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in wastewater have emerged as a major environmental and public health concern, particularly in areas with high urbanization and limited wastewater treatment efficiency. Despite this, limited data exist on the distribution and diversity of ARB in the Western Himalayan region of India. This study addresses this gap by assessing the prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns, and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG) diversity of wastewater-associated bacteria in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. A total of 18 influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected from nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, and were examined to investigate antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs). <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> were isolated using selective media, identified through Gram staining and 16S rDNA PCR, and assessed for antibiotic susceptibility. Both bacterial species exhibited higher resistance in influent samples compared to effluent samples. <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> showed notable resistance to ampicillin, minocycline, and linezolid, whereas <i>Escherichia coli</i> showed greater resistance to minocycline and nitrofurantoin. Metagenomic analysis revealed that bacteria accounted for 99.98% of the taxonomic composition, with shotgun sequencing identifying diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including <i>tet(B)</i>, <i>tet36</i>, <i>adeF</i>, <i>adeG</i>, <i>emrK</i>, and <i>acrB</i>, associated with resistance to tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and β-lactams. This highlights the urgent need for strengthened antibiotic management practices and enhanced wastewater treatment technologies to limit the spread of resistance elements into aquatic environments.</p>

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Wastewater-associated antibiotic resistance in Western Himalayas: prevalence and diversity in a north Indian city of Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月11日

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  • Umer Aziz,
  • Reyaz Hussain Akhoon,
  • Khalid Muzamil Gani

摘要

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in wastewater have emerged as a major environmental and public health concern, particularly in areas with high urbanization and limited wastewater treatment efficiency. Despite this, limited data exist on the distribution and diversity of ARB in the Western Himalayan region of India. This study addresses this gap by assessing the prevalence, antibiotic resistance patterns, and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARG) diversity of wastewater-associated bacteria in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. A total of 18 influent and effluent wastewater samples were collected from nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, and were examined to investigate antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs). Enterococcus faecium and Escherichia coli were isolated using selective media, identified through Gram staining and 16S rDNA PCR, and assessed for antibiotic susceptibility. Both bacterial species exhibited higher resistance in influent samples compared to effluent samples. Enterococcus faecium showed notable resistance to ampicillin, minocycline, and linezolid, whereas Escherichia coli showed greater resistance to minocycline and nitrofurantoin. Metagenomic analysis revealed that bacteria accounted for 99.98% of the taxonomic composition, with shotgun sequencing identifying diverse antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), including tet(B), tet36, adeF, adeG, emrK, and acrB, associated with resistance to tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and β-lactams. This highlights the urgent need for strengthened antibiotic management practices and enhanced wastewater treatment technologies to limit the spread of resistance elements into aquatic environments.