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<p>This study presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of key ambient air pollutants (PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3,</sub> O<sub>3</sub>, and CO) across seven urban and semi-urban districts of the Uttar Pradesh National Capital Region (UP-NCR), India, during 2019–2023. Despite an overall decline of approximately 23% in particulate matter concentrations over the study period, annual mean PM<sub>2.5</sub> (88 ± 15&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>) and PM<sub>10</sub> (185 ± 28&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>) levels consistently exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Land use and land cover (LULC) analysis revealed a 7.06% expansion in built-up areas, reflecting rapid urbanization and its influence on local emission patterns. This urban growth was associated with persistent NO<sub>2</sub> enrichment, particularly in Noida, where concentrations increased by 22%. Pronounced seasonal variability was observed, with PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations peaking during the post-monsoon season particularly in Noida (200 ± 102&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>) and Ghaziabad (178 ± 99&#xa0;µg/m<sup>3</sup>), identified as the regional pollution hotspot. Meteorological analysis revealed strong seasonal influences on pollutant concentrations. Relative humidity exhibited positive correlations with particulate matter during winter (<i>r</i> ≈ 0.44–0.59), reflecting hygroscopic growth and stagnant atmospheric conditions, but strong negative correlations during the monsoon (<i>r</i> ≈ −0.72 to −0.95) due to efficient wet scavenging. Bivariate polar plot analysis identified stagnation-driven pollutant accumulation in densely urbanized districts and wind-induced resuspension of agricultural and crustal dust in peripheral regions. HYSPLIT backward-trajectory clustering further demonstrated substantial contributions from long-range transport originating from western and northwestern source regions during pollution episodes. These findings highlight pronounced spatial heterogeneity and seasonal dynamics in air quality, emphasizing the need for region-specific, airshed-based mitigation strategies across rapidly urbanizing peri-urban corridors.</p>

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Spatiotemporal distribution of air pollutants in UP-NCR, India: a 5-year analysis of pollution trends and meteorological influences

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月17日

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  • Riya Sharma,
  • Sachin Kamboj,
  • Hariprasad Puttaswamy,
  • Sudhir Kumar Tyagi

摘要

This study presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal assessment of key ambient air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, NH3, O3, and CO) across seven urban and semi-urban districts of the Uttar Pradesh National Capital Region (UP-NCR), India, during 2019–2023. Despite an overall decline of approximately 23% in particulate matter concentrations over the study period, annual mean PM2.5 (88 ± 15 µg/m3) and PM10 (185 ± 28 µg/m3) levels consistently exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Land use and land cover (LULC) analysis revealed a 7.06% expansion in built-up areas, reflecting rapid urbanization and its influence on local emission patterns. This urban growth was associated with persistent NO2 enrichment, particularly in Noida, where concentrations increased by 22%. Pronounced seasonal variability was observed, with PM2.5 concentrations peaking during the post-monsoon season particularly in Noida (200 ± 102 µg/m3) and Ghaziabad (178 ± 99 µg/m3), identified as the regional pollution hotspot. Meteorological analysis revealed strong seasonal influences on pollutant concentrations. Relative humidity exhibited positive correlations with particulate matter during winter (r ≈ 0.44–0.59), reflecting hygroscopic growth and stagnant atmospheric conditions, but strong negative correlations during the monsoon (r ≈ −0.72 to −0.95) due to efficient wet scavenging. Bivariate polar plot analysis identified stagnation-driven pollutant accumulation in densely urbanized districts and wind-induced resuspension of agricultural and crustal dust in peripheral regions. HYSPLIT backward-trajectory clustering further demonstrated substantial contributions from long-range transport originating from western and northwestern source regions during pollution episodes. These findings highlight pronounced spatial heterogeneity and seasonal dynamics in air quality, emphasizing the need for region-specific, airshed-based mitigation strategies across rapidly urbanizing peri-urban corridors.