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<p>Urban green spaces play an important role in conserving biodiversity in rapidly expanding cities. To assess how habitat heterogeneity relates to bird diversity in an urban fringe landscape, we monitored avian communities across microhabitats within the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary, New Delhi, from January to December 2024. Using line transects (500&#xa0;m–2&#xa0;km) in terrestrial habitats and point counts in aquatic habitats, we surveyed 15 habitat types grouped into four classes: wooded, open, aquatic, and anthropogenic. Diversity analyses in R and ArcGIS 10.8 included coverage-based rarefaction (Hill numbers <i>q</i> = 0, 1, 2; SC = 0.8), turnover-nestedness partitioning, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), and indicator species analysis. We recorded 130 bird species belonging to 20 orders and 55 families. Coverage-standardized richness (SC = 0.8) was highest in Abandoned Mine (45.6 ± 5.5 species) and Deep Lake (44.9 ± 6.2), and lowest in Lantana Woodland (13.1 ± 1.9) and Sewage Wetland (14.7 ± 2.3). Pairwise Bray-Curtis dissimilarities were high (0.40–&gt; 0.85), with maximum dissimilarity (&gt; 0.75) between Lantana Woodland and most habitats. Jaccard partitioning showed that turnover dominated beta diversity, exceeding 70% in New Plantation (75.2%), Anogeissus Woodland (75.1%), and Urban Settlement (73.0%). NMDS ordination (stress = 0.083) revealed clear separation among habitat groups, which was supported by PERMANOVA (<i>F</i> = 1.69, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.404, <i>p</i> = 0.019). No species showed significant habitat association in the indicator species analysis (all <i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). These results indicate that bird communities differ substantially across habitats, with spatial turnover contributing strongly to overall diversity. This highlights the importance of maintaining a mosaic of habitat types for biodiversity conservation and monitoring in urban landscapes.</p>

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Habitat heterogeneity and bird diversity in an urban fringe wildlife sanctuary in New Delhi, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Parvaiz Yousuf,
  • Mukesh Chand,
  • Feba K. S.,
  • Shubham Kumar Maletha,
  • Rashi Nautiyal,
  • Bhupendra Singh Adhikari

摘要

Urban green spaces play an important role in conserving biodiversity in rapidly expanding cities. To assess how habitat heterogeneity relates to bird diversity in an urban fringe landscape, we monitored avian communities across microhabitats within the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary, New Delhi, from January to December 2024. Using line transects (500 m–2 km) in terrestrial habitats and point counts in aquatic habitats, we surveyed 15 habitat types grouped into four classes: wooded, open, aquatic, and anthropogenic. Diversity analyses in R and ArcGIS 10.8 included coverage-based rarefaction (Hill numbers q = 0, 1, 2; SC = 0.8), turnover-nestedness partitioning, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), and indicator species analysis. We recorded 130 bird species belonging to 20 orders and 55 families. Coverage-standardized richness (SC = 0.8) was highest in Abandoned Mine (45.6 ± 5.5 species) and Deep Lake (44.9 ± 6.2), and lowest in Lantana Woodland (13.1 ± 1.9) and Sewage Wetland (14.7 ± 2.3). Pairwise Bray-Curtis dissimilarities were high (0.40–> 0.85), with maximum dissimilarity (> 0.75) between Lantana Woodland and most habitats. Jaccard partitioning showed that turnover dominated beta diversity, exceeding 70% in New Plantation (75.2%), Anogeissus Woodland (75.1%), and Urban Settlement (73.0%). NMDS ordination (stress = 0.083) revealed clear separation among habitat groups, which was supported by PERMANOVA (F = 1.69, R2 = 0.404, p = 0.019). No species showed significant habitat association in the indicator species analysis (all p > 0.05). These results indicate that bird communities differ substantially across habitats, with spatial turnover contributing strongly to overall diversity. This highlights the importance of maintaining a mosaic of habitat types for biodiversity conservation and monitoring in urban landscapes.