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<p>Soils are essential for food production and environmental sustainability, yet agricultural practices can modify their physicochemical and biological properties and favor the accumulation of pesticide residues and transformation products. This study assessed agricultural soils from the Altiplano Potosino (Mexico) using an integrated approach that combined physicochemical characterization, enzymatic activity profiling, targeted multiresidue pesticide analysis, and high-resolution metabolomics. Four agricultural soils (SF, SI, LA, and EH) and one reference potting soil (M) were analyzed. Soil properties included pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and nutrient content. Enzymatic activities associated with C, N, P, and S cycles (β-glucosidase, urease, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphatases, and arylsulfatase) were measured as indicators of functional soil health. Targeted GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS were used to screen for 430 pesticides, while suspect and nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to detect potential transformation products. Parent pesticides were detected only in SF and SI; LA and EH showed no active ingredients. However, metabolomics revealed diverse pesticide-related metabolites in all soils, including LA and EH, indicating historical contamination and ongoing degradation. The detection of 4,4′-DDE in SI confirmed legacy DDT inputs. Transformation products of dimethoate, fluopyram, acetamiprid, and deltamethrin reflected different degradation stages. The potting soil (M) showed the highest enzymatic activities, whereas SI ranked highest among agricultural soils, consistent with greater nutrient availability and microbial activity. Overall, the absence of parent compounds did not indicate contaminant-free soils. Integrating soil indicators, enzymatic activities, and metabolomics provides a robust framework to evaluate soil health, legacy contamination, and degradation dynamics, with potential applications in improving soil monitoring programs and supporting evidence-based environmental management and policy decisions.</p>

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Comprehensive assessment of soil health and pesticide transformation products in agricultural systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • José Adalberto Grijalva-López,
  • Ianelly Trejo-Carrizalez,
  • Yair Cruz-Narváez,
  • Elsa Cervantes-González

摘要

Soils are essential for food production and environmental sustainability, yet agricultural practices can modify their physicochemical and biological properties and favor the accumulation of pesticide residues and transformation products. This study assessed agricultural soils from the Altiplano Potosino (Mexico) using an integrated approach that combined physicochemical characterization, enzymatic activity profiling, targeted multiresidue pesticide analysis, and high-resolution metabolomics. Four agricultural soils (SF, SI, LA, and EH) and one reference potting soil (M) were analyzed. Soil properties included pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and nutrient content. Enzymatic activities associated with C, N, P, and S cycles (β-glucosidase, urease, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphatases, and arylsulfatase) were measured as indicators of functional soil health. Targeted GC–MS/MS and LC–MS/MS were used to screen for 430 pesticides, while suspect and nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied to detect potential transformation products. Parent pesticides were detected only in SF and SI; LA and EH showed no active ingredients. However, metabolomics revealed diverse pesticide-related metabolites in all soils, including LA and EH, indicating historical contamination and ongoing degradation. The detection of 4,4′-DDE in SI confirmed legacy DDT inputs. Transformation products of dimethoate, fluopyram, acetamiprid, and deltamethrin reflected different degradation stages. The potting soil (M) showed the highest enzymatic activities, whereas SI ranked highest among agricultural soils, consistent with greater nutrient availability and microbial activity. Overall, the absence of parent compounds did not indicate contaminant-free soils. Integrating soil indicators, enzymatic activities, and metabolomics provides a robust framework to evaluate soil health, legacy contamination, and degradation dynamics, with potential applications in improving soil monitoring programs and supporting evidence-based environmental management and policy decisions.