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<p>Estuary-to-bay water-quality coupling in Gwangyang Bay, Korea, was assessed based on observations collected at 12 freshwater inflows and 12 bay sampling points across three hydrological phases operationally classified by antecedent precipitation: immediate post-rain (May), lagged post-rain (July), and dry baseline (October). Concentrations of dissolved silicate (DSi), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in freshwater inflows differed significantly among these phases. Riverine nutrient loads exhibited a pronounced event-phase gradient (July &gt; May &gt; October). The Seomjin River contributed 67–91% of total nutrient loads, whereas smaller streams exhibited asynchronous and constituent-specific responses. In seawater, May showed elevated suspended particulate matter (SPM) and TP; July exhibited the strongest freshwater influence, with increased phytoplankton biomass under pronounced phosphorus limitation; and October was marked by higher salinity under dry-baseline conditions. Multivariate analyses indicated that the spatial extent of freshwater influence varied across hydrological phases, expanding after rainfall events and becoming more localized during dry-baseline conditions. LOICZ mass balances revealed net removal of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) across all hydrological phases, while dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and DSi shifted from net sources (May and October) to net removal (July). These findings provide a quantitative baseline to support the future introduction of the Total Pollution Load Management System (TPLMS) in Gwangyang Bay.</p>

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Characteristics of estuary-to-bay surface-water-quality distributions in Gwangyang Bay, Korea, under post-rain and dry hydrological phases

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月15日

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  • Hwisu Cheon,
  • Huiho Jeong

摘要

Estuary-to-bay water-quality coupling in Gwangyang Bay, Korea, was assessed based on observations collected at 12 freshwater inflows and 12 bay sampling points across three hydrological phases operationally classified by antecedent precipitation: immediate post-rain (May), lagged post-rain (July), and dry baseline (October). Concentrations of dissolved silicate (DSi), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in freshwater inflows differed significantly among these phases. Riverine nutrient loads exhibited a pronounced event-phase gradient (July > May > October). The Seomjin River contributed 67–91% of total nutrient loads, whereas smaller streams exhibited asynchronous and constituent-specific responses. In seawater, May showed elevated suspended particulate matter (SPM) and TP; July exhibited the strongest freshwater influence, with increased phytoplankton biomass under pronounced phosphorus limitation; and October was marked by higher salinity under dry-baseline conditions. Multivariate analyses indicated that the spatial extent of freshwater influence varied across hydrological phases, expanding after rainfall events and becoming more localized during dry-baseline conditions. LOICZ mass balances revealed net removal of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) across all hydrological phases, while dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and DSi shifted from net sources (May and October) to net removal (July). These findings provide a quantitative baseline to support the future introduction of the Total Pollution Load Management System (TPLMS) in Gwangyang Bay.