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<p>Atmospheric dust fall is a useful urban environmental matrix because it integrates deposited particles over time and allows assessment of spatial and seasonal variation in metal loading. This study aimed to quantify the seasonal and spatial variation of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg in dust fall across Duhok City, assess contamination, ecological and screening-level human health risks, and evaluate whether isotope-channel data provide supplementary interpretive value for urban dust monitoring. Dust-fall samples were collected from five sites over four seasons (<i>n</i> = 20) during June 2022–June 2023, digested by microwave-assisted acid digestion, and analyzed by ICP-MS with isotope-resolved reporting. Mean total concentrations (mg kg⁻<sup>1</sup>, dry weight) followed the order Pb (13.156) ≫ Cr (0.168) &gt; Cd (0.0250) &gt; As (0.0194) &gt; Hg (0.000823). Descriptive hotspots occurred at X2 in winter for As and Hg and at X5 in summer for Pb, although additive ANOVA showed no statistically significant main effect of season or site (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). Pollution and ecological risk indices indicated low contamination, low ecological risk, and no overall pollution load based on the adopted background concentrations. The inhalation assessment also indicated very low non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic screening-level risk. Isotope-channel observations showed relatively stable patterns for Cd and Cr and greater variability for Pb, suggesting supplementary monitoring value but not definitive source apportionment. Overall, the study provides baseline evidence that dust-fall metals in Duhok City exhibit descriptive spatial and seasonal tendencies, while further work is needed to validate source apportionment and strengthen exposure assessment.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Pollution assessment and ecological risk of five commonly monitored heavy metals in urban dust from Duhok City, Iraq: a seasonal and isotopic perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Myasar Kh. Ibrahim,
  • Berivan Hadi Mahdi,
  • Dalshad Azeez Darwesh,
  • Jasim M. Rajab,
  • Ali M. Al-Salihi,
  • Hwee San Lim

摘要

Atmospheric dust fall is a useful urban environmental matrix because it integrates deposited particles over time and allows assessment of spatial and seasonal variation in metal loading. This study aimed to quantify the seasonal and spatial variation of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg in dust fall across Duhok City, assess contamination, ecological and screening-level human health risks, and evaluate whether isotope-channel data provide supplementary interpretive value for urban dust monitoring. Dust-fall samples were collected from five sites over four seasons (n = 20) during June 2022–June 2023, digested by microwave-assisted acid digestion, and analyzed by ICP-MS with isotope-resolved reporting. Mean total concentrations (mg kg⁻1, dry weight) followed the order Pb (13.156) ≫ Cr (0.168) > Cd (0.0250) > As (0.0194) > Hg (0.000823). Descriptive hotspots occurred at X2 in winter for As and Hg and at X5 in summer for Pb, although additive ANOVA showed no statistically significant main effect of season or site (p > 0.05). Pollution and ecological risk indices indicated low contamination, low ecological risk, and no overall pollution load based on the adopted background concentrations. The inhalation assessment also indicated very low non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic screening-level risk. Isotope-channel observations showed relatively stable patterns for Cd and Cr and greater variability for Pb, suggesting supplementary monitoring value but not definitive source apportionment. Overall, the study provides baseline evidence that dust-fall metals in Duhok City exhibit descriptive spatial and seasonal tendencies, while further work is needed to validate source apportionment and strengthen exposure assessment.

Graphical abstract