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<p>Heavy metal contamination in coastal sediments is a persistent concern in industrialized estuaries. The Oehwang River estuary in southern Ulsan Bay, located near the Onsan National Industrial Complex, has been widely reported as a contaminated area; however, quantitative source apportionment remains limited. This study evaluated heavy metal contamination and identified sources using receptor modeling, Bayesian mixing model, and Pb isotope fingerprinting. Using the geo-accumulation index (I<sub>geo</sub>) and Korean sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), the research identified high to very high contamination levels in Onsan Port sediments and moderate contamination in the Oehwang River estuary, with frequent exceedances of probable effect levels for Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. Over a period of approximately 20&#xa0;years, Cu and Zn levels decreased in Onsan Port sediments, while Pb remained stable. To disentangle overlapping pollution sources, the study integrated Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), Bayesian mixing models (MixSIAR), and Pb isotopic fingerprinting. PMF attributed 38 ± 11% of contamination to anthropogenic sources, MixSIAR confirmed that heavy metals in outer Onsan Port sediments were largely derived from Onsan Port sources (71 ± 14%), and Pb isotopes revealed that major Pb contamination (59 ± 19%) originated from smelter-related sources. The findings underscore that industrial and port activities are the primary contributors to heavy metal contamination in the estuary and demonstrate the effectiveness of combining statistical, geochemical, and isotopic techniques to resolve complex pollution sources in industrial coastal environments.</p>

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Heavy metal contamination and sources thereof in Oehwang River estuarine sediments from Ulsan Bay, Korea, based on heavy metals and lead isotope ratios

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月12日

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  • Da-som Yang,
  • Man-sik Choi,
  • Dong-jin Joe,
  • Min-jae Lee

摘要

Heavy metal contamination in coastal sediments is a persistent concern in industrialized estuaries. The Oehwang River estuary in southern Ulsan Bay, located near the Onsan National Industrial Complex, has been widely reported as a contaminated area; however, quantitative source apportionment remains limited. This study evaluated heavy metal contamination and identified sources using receptor modeling, Bayesian mixing model, and Pb isotope fingerprinting. Using the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and Korean sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), the research identified high to very high contamination levels in Onsan Port sediments and moderate contamination in the Oehwang River estuary, with frequent exceedances of probable effect levels for Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd. Over a period of approximately 20 years, Cu and Zn levels decreased in Onsan Port sediments, while Pb remained stable. To disentangle overlapping pollution sources, the study integrated Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), Bayesian mixing models (MixSIAR), and Pb isotopic fingerprinting. PMF attributed 38 ± 11% of contamination to anthropogenic sources, MixSIAR confirmed that heavy metals in outer Onsan Port sediments were largely derived from Onsan Port sources (71 ± 14%), and Pb isotopes revealed that major Pb contamination (59 ± 19%) originated from smelter-related sources. The findings underscore that industrial and port activities are the primary contributors to heavy metal contamination in the estuary and demonstrate the effectiveness of combining statistical, geochemical, and isotopic techniques to resolve complex pollution sources in industrial coastal environments.