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<p>Urban rivers in semiarid regions face intensified bisphenol A (BPA) contamination due to limited dilution capacity, extended low-flow periods, and pronounced seasonal hydrological variability. This study investigated BPA distribution and migration dynamics across water–sediment–fish compartments in Xi’an’s river network (northwestern China) through spatial–temporal monitoring and multimedia coupling (MMC) modeling. BPA concentrations ranged 0.08–3.65 μg/L (water), 5.32–68.45 μg/kg (sediment), and 12.5–156.8 μg/kg (fish tissue), with wet season concentrations 115–166% higher than dry season values. Sediments exhibited 23–50-fold enrichment relative to overlying water, functioning as accumulation sinks during extended dry periods (October–May) and transforming into secondary pollution sources during wet seasons (June–September) through storm-driven resuspension, with annual water–sediment exchange flux estimated at 2.35 tons. MMC modeling revealed sediment–biota routes contributed 52–67% of total BPA accumulation in benthic omnivorous fish, challenging conventional aqueous-exposure assessment frameworks. Risk assessment identified elevated ecological risks in 12% of watershed area, with 36% of monitoring stations exceeding aquatic toxicity thresholds (PNEC: 1.5 μg/L). Principal component analysis demonstrated anthropogenic activity intensity (48.5% explained variance) and natural attenuation capacity (28.3% variance) as orthogonal regulatory axes. These findings highlight sediment-dominated migration, benthic food chain importance, and seasonal flux reversals as distinctive features of semiarid systems, informing integrated management for comparable water-limited urban watersheds globally.</p>

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Multimedia migration and ecological risks of bisphenol A in semiarid urban rivers: a case study of Xi’an, China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Yajie Qu,
  • Tao Yang,
  • Jiale Zhang,
  • Haiyan Li,
  • Yilin Liao,
  • Xiangnan Lei,
  • Jiaqi Yuan

摘要

Urban rivers in semiarid regions face intensified bisphenol A (BPA) contamination due to limited dilution capacity, extended low-flow periods, and pronounced seasonal hydrological variability. This study investigated BPA distribution and migration dynamics across water–sediment–fish compartments in Xi’an’s river network (northwestern China) through spatial–temporal monitoring and multimedia coupling (MMC) modeling. BPA concentrations ranged 0.08–3.65 μg/L (water), 5.32–68.45 μg/kg (sediment), and 12.5–156.8 μg/kg (fish tissue), with wet season concentrations 115–166% higher than dry season values. Sediments exhibited 23–50-fold enrichment relative to overlying water, functioning as accumulation sinks during extended dry periods (October–May) and transforming into secondary pollution sources during wet seasons (June–September) through storm-driven resuspension, with annual water–sediment exchange flux estimated at 2.35 tons. MMC modeling revealed sediment–biota routes contributed 52–67% of total BPA accumulation in benthic omnivorous fish, challenging conventional aqueous-exposure assessment frameworks. Risk assessment identified elevated ecological risks in 12% of watershed area, with 36% of monitoring stations exceeding aquatic toxicity thresholds (PNEC: 1.5 μg/L). Principal component analysis demonstrated anthropogenic activity intensity (48.5% explained variance) and natural attenuation capacity (28.3% variance) as orthogonal regulatory axes. These findings highlight sediment-dominated migration, benthic food chain importance, and seasonal flux reversals as distinctive features of semiarid systems, informing integrated management for comparable water-limited urban watersheds globally.