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<p>High concentrations of toxic metals in the environment pose significant risks to ecosystem integrity and human health, especially in areas affected by untreated industrial wastewater discharges. This study investigated the levels of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in irrigation water, agriculture soil, and food crops in six agricultural areas (Khazana, Koto, Khall, Badwan, Chakdara, and Khadagazi) of Lower Dir district, Pakistan. For each locality, samples of soil, irrigation water, and four widely consumed vegetables (tomato <i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>, ladyfinger <i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>, garlic <i>Allium sativum</i>, and onion <i>Allium cepa</i>) were obtained from three representative sampling points. The measured metal concentrations are used to assess the level of pollution and to evaluate the potential risks to human health. Among the analyzed elements, Pb consistently showed the highest concentrations in all sample types. Maximum levels reached 1.67&#xa0;mg/kg in soils and 1.18&#xa0;mg/L in water, while concentrations in vegetables varied between 1.01 and 1.28&#xa0;mg/kg. Human exposure was evaluated using the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and the Hazard Risk Index (HRI), which indicated that Pb posed the greatest potential risk, particularly through the consumption of onions. The overall trend in dietary intake followed the sequence Cd &lt; Cr &lt; Pb. Nevertheless, all calculated HRI values were lower than the critical limit of unity, suggesting that vegetable consumption from the study area does not currently represent a significant non-carcinogenic health risk.</p>

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Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils: an environmental and food safety perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月8日

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  • Siraj ud Din,
  • Muhammad Subhanullah,
  • Bakht Rawan,
  • Shahla Nazneen,
  • Muhammad Ilyas,
  • Thiago Machado da Silva Acioly,
  • Waheed Ullah,
  • Abdullah Faiz Al Asmari,
  • Saiful Islam

摘要

High concentrations of toxic metals in the environment pose significant risks to ecosystem integrity and human health, especially in areas affected by untreated industrial wastewater discharges. This study investigated the levels of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in irrigation water, agriculture soil, and food crops in six agricultural areas (Khazana, Koto, Khall, Badwan, Chakdara, and Khadagazi) of Lower Dir district, Pakistan. For each locality, samples of soil, irrigation water, and four widely consumed vegetables (tomato Solanum lycopersicum, ladyfinger Abelmoschus esculentus, garlic Allium sativum, and onion Allium cepa) were obtained from three representative sampling points. The measured metal concentrations are used to assess the level of pollution and to evaluate the potential risks to human health. Among the analyzed elements, Pb consistently showed the highest concentrations in all sample types. Maximum levels reached 1.67 mg/kg in soils and 1.18 mg/L in water, while concentrations in vegetables varied between 1.01 and 1.28 mg/kg. Human exposure was evaluated using the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and the Hazard Risk Index (HRI), which indicated that Pb posed the greatest potential risk, particularly through the consumption of onions. The overall trend in dietary intake followed the sequence Cd < Cr < Pb. Nevertheless, all calculated HRI values were lower than the critical limit of unity, suggesting that vegetable consumption from the study area does not currently represent a significant non-carcinogenic health risk.