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<p>Landfill leachate is a significant environmental pollutant, particularly in developing regions where inadequate waste management exacerbates contamination risks. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first comprehensive multi-matrix assessment of contamination around the Aba-Eku landfill and combines spatial-gradient profiling of soil, water, and leachate samples around the Aba-Eku landfill with bioaccumulation assessment of locally consumed vegetables cultivated within the landfill site for a complementary insight into contamination distribution and potential human exposure pathways. We investigated the occurrence and distribution of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phthalate esters (PEs) in leachate, groundwater, river water, soil, sediment, and vegetables surrounding the Aba-Eku dumpsite. Samples were systematically collected across varying distances from the dumpsite and analysed using standard analytical techniques. Heavy metals in the samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) was utilised for the determination of organic contaminants. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients. Analytical results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals observed in soil samples was 1.01, 0.03, 0.12, 0.48 and 4.31&#xa0;µg/kg, for Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn and Fe, respectively; while the contamination factor in decreasing order ranked Cu &gt; Fe &gt; Mn &gt; Cd &gt; Pb. The highest accumulation of heavy metals was observed in water leaf followed by jute mallow and then scent leaf. The average concentration of PAHs in the soil samples was naphthalene (36.15&#xa0;µg/kg), acenaphthylene (33.18&#xa0;µg/kg), acenaphthene (8.02&#xa0;µg/kg), phenanthrene (3.94&#xa0;µg/kg), fluorene (3.48&#xa0;µg/kg), and anthracene (1.14&#xa0;µg/kg). The vegetable samples in order of total accumulated PAHs ranked scent leaf &gt; water leaf &gt; jute mallow. The PAHs showed strong positive correlation and are significantly different from one another (p &lt; 0.05). Only dipropyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate were observed in the soil samples with average concentration of 3.80 and 3.74&#xa0;µg/kg respectively. These findings emphasise the urgent need for improved landfill management, regulatory enforcement, and remediation strategies such as phytoremediation, microbial bioremediation, and advanced oxidation techniques to mitigate pollution.</p>

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Occurrence and distribution of organic and inorganic pollutants in environmental matrices on and near an active municipal solid waste site

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月29日

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  • Morolake O. Afolabi,
  • Ifeoluwa M. Makinde,
  • Olukunle S. Fagbenro,
  • Omotayo Sindiku

摘要

Landfill leachate is a significant environmental pollutant, particularly in developing regions where inadequate waste management exacerbates contamination risks. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first comprehensive multi-matrix assessment of contamination around the Aba-Eku landfill and combines spatial-gradient profiling of soil, water, and leachate samples around the Aba-Eku landfill with bioaccumulation assessment of locally consumed vegetables cultivated within the landfill site for a complementary insight into contamination distribution and potential human exposure pathways. We investigated the occurrence and distribution of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and phthalate esters (PEs) in leachate, groundwater, river water, soil, sediment, and vegetables surrounding the Aba-Eku dumpsite. Samples were systematically collected across varying distances from the dumpsite and analysed using standard analytical techniques. Heavy metals in the samples were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) while Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) was utilised for the determination of organic contaminants. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients. Analytical results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals observed in soil samples was 1.01, 0.03, 0.12, 0.48 and 4.31 µg/kg, for Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn and Fe, respectively; while the contamination factor in decreasing order ranked Cu > Fe > Mn > Cd > Pb. The highest accumulation of heavy metals was observed in water leaf followed by jute mallow and then scent leaf. The average concentration of PAHs in the soil samples was naphthalene (36.15 µg/kg), acenaphthylene (33.18 µg/kg), acenaphthene (8.02 µg/kg), phenanthrene (3.94 µg/kg), fluorene (3.48 µg/kg), and anthracene (1.14 µg/kg). The vegetable samples in order of total accumulated PAHs ranked scent leaf > water leaf > jute mallow. The PAHs showed strong positive correlation and are significantly different from one another (p < 0.05). Only dipropyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate were observed in the soil samples with average concentration of 3.80 and 3.74 µg/kg respectively. These findings emphasise the urgent need for improved landfill management, regulatory enforcement, and remediation strategies such as phytoremediation, microbial bioremediation, and advanced oxidation techniques to mitigate pollution.