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<p>The presence of antiviral drugs in aquaculture systems has received increasing attention due to their potential environmental implications. In this study, a sensitive and reliable liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of amantadine (AMT) and rimantadine (RMT) in aquaculture pond sediments. The method showed excellent linearity (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.9990) over the tested concentration range, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.5&#xa0;μg/kg and 1.0&#xa0;μg/kg, respectively. Satisfactory recovery (91.2~104.8%) and good precision were obtained at different spiking levels, confirming the suitability of the method for complex sediment matrices. Sediment samples were collected from 10 aquaculture ponds, including 5 intensive and 5 semi-intensive systems. AMT and RMT were detected in 80% and 60% of the samples, respectively. Concentrations of AMT ranged from 1.2 to 6.5&#xa0;μg/kg, while RMT concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 4.2&#xa0;μg/kg. Notably, residue content in sediments from intensive systems was consistently higher than those from semi-intensive systems, suggesting that management practices and drug input intensity strongly influence the accumulation of antiviral drug residues in sediments. These findings indicate that aquaculture sediments act as a significant environmental sink for veterinary pharmaceuticals, with potential ecological and food safety implications. Residues of AMT and RMT in sediments may be re-mobilized into the water column, bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, and ultimately drive the development of drug resistance. The validated method provides a robust tool for routine environmental monitoring and contributes baseline data on the occurrence of AMT and RMT in aquaculture systems. Overall, this research underscores the need for stricter drug management policies, improved aquaculture practices, and further studies on the long-term environmental fate and risks of antiviral residues in aquatic ecosystems.</p>

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Environmental occurrence of amantadine and rimantadine in aquaculture pond sediments: application of a newly developed LC–MS/MS method

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月25日

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  • Xin Zhou,
  • Shan Cui,
  • Xuesong Wang,
  • Xinyu Guo,
  • Bin Qu,
  • Meirong Zhao,
  • Yan Zeng,
  • Qiang Hou

摘要

The presence of antiviral drugs in aquaculture systems has received increasing attention due to their potential environmental implications. In this study, a sensitive and reliable liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of amantadine (AMT) and rimantadine (RMT) in aquaculture pond sediments. The method showed excellent linearity (R2 > 0.9990) over the tested concentration range, with limits of detection and quantification of 0.5 μg/kg and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. Satisfactory recovery (91.2~104.8%) and good precision were obtained at different spiking levels, confirming the suitability of the method for complex sediment matrices. Sediment samples were collected from 10 aquaculture ponds, including 5 intensive and 5 semi-intensive systems. AMT and RMT were detected in 80% and 60% of the samples, respectively. Concentrations of AMT ranged from 1.2 to 6.5 μg/kg, while RMT concentrations ranged from 0.9 to 4.2 μg/kg. Notably, residue content in sediments from intensive systems was consistently higher than those from semi-intensive systems, suggesting that management practices and drug input intensity strongly influence the accumulation of antiviral drug residues in sediments. These findings indicate that aquaculture sediments act as a significant environmental sink for veterinary pharmaceuticals, with potential ecological and food safety implications. Residues of AMT and RMT in sediments may be re-mobilized into the water column, bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, and ultimately drive the development of drug resistance. The validated method provides a robust tool for routine environmental monitoring and contributes baseline data on the occurrence of AMT and RMT in aquaculture systems. Overall, this research underscores the need for stricter drug management policies, improved aquaculture practices, and further studies on the long-term environmental fate and risks of antiviral residues in aquatic ecosystems.