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<p>Regulatory gaps in restart and cold/hot start emissions overlooked by current periodic technical inspection (PTI), and driving behaviors significantly impact plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) particle number (PN) emissions under real driving conditions. Using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS), this study builds cumulative PN emissions by key segments (cold-start, restart) and instantaneous high-emission events across four distinct behaviors. Key findings reveal that calm and normal driving elevate cold-start PN (up to 6.2 ×10<sup>11</sup> #/km) due to prolonged engine-off intervals and slow warm-up. Aggressive driving’s frequent restarts yield lower per-event emissions owing to thermal advantages. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) minimizes total PN by combining thermally efficient engine operation with extended zero-emission phases (16–17% duration). Crucially, instantaneous high-emission analysis shows &gt; 80% of PN concentrates in &lt; 20% of driving duration, with emission thresholds varying dramatically (82–1366%) across behaviors—primarily due to divergent dominant modes favored by each behavior. To quantify these behavior-specific modes and their parametric signatures, k-means clustering was applied, and found distinct behavioral associations: aggressive driving predominantly linked to high-load/high-rpm operation (&gt; 2800&#xa0;rpm or &gt; 80% load), while calm/normal driving elevates cold-start and restart contributions. Consequently, real-world emission monitoring necessitates behavior-adaptive dynamic scenarios, tailoring test focus and parametric design informed by clustered thresholds.</p>

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Driving behavior-adaptive particle emissions in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: cumulative-transient characteristics and clustered patterns for real-world monitoring

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Ruizhi Huang,
  • Yuzhuang Pian,
  • Li Li,
  • Yonghong Liu

摘要

Regulatory gaps in restart and cold/hot start emissions overlooked by current periodic technical inspection (PTI), and driving behaviors significantly impact plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) particle number (PN) emissions under real driving conditions. Using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS), this study builds cumulative PN emissions by key segments (cold-start, restart) and instantaneous high-emission events across four distinct behaviors. Key findings reveal that calm and normal driving elevate cold-start PN (up to 6.2 ×1011 #/km) due to prolonged engine-off intervals and slow warm-up. Aggressive driving’s frequent restarts yield lower per-event emissions owing to thermal advantages. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) minimizes total PN by combining thermally efficient engine operation with extended zero-emission phases (16–17% duration). Crucially, instantaneous high-emission analysis shows > 80% of PN concentrates in < 20% of driving duration, with emission thresholds varying dramatically (82–1366%) across behaviors—primarily due to divergent dominant modes favored by each behavior. To quantify these behavior-specific modes and their parametric signatures, k-means clustering was applied, and found distinct behavioral associations: aggressive driving predominantly linked to high-load/high-rpm operation (> 2800 rpm or > 80% load), while calm/normal driving elevates cold-start and restart contributions. Consequently, real-world emission monitoring necessitates behavior-adaptive dynamic scenarios, tailoring test focus and parametric design informed by clustered thresholds.