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<p>In Latin America, efforts to accelerate economic growth through agriculture and mining often generate strong tensions with environmental sustainability. We examine this dynamic in Sonsón (Antioquia, Colombia), a municipality at the epicenter of simultaneous agricultural intensification and mineral extraction. To characterize the forces reshaping this landscape from 2000 to 2020, we combined wall-to-wall satellite analysis with evidence from local stakeholders. Annual land-cover trajectories were mapped with the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm using the Landsat archive. In parallel, we surveyed 55 respondents from agricultural, mining, commercial, environmental authority, and other sectors to elicit perceptions of drivers, impacts, and governance. Although most of the territory (≈90.8%) remained stable, this apparent stability masks two distinct waves of transformation: a first wave (2000–2005) concentrated in the Magdalena Medio lowlands with grassland and mining expansion, and a second wave (2015–2020) in the high-altitude “Zona Fria” with the intensification of export-oriented crops and grasslands. Environmental authorities and commerce consistently identified mining as a key driver, a role that industry representatives tended to downplay, while farmers emphasized the shift toward export crops. Taken together, these trends provide an anticipatory warning: despite limited widespread deforestation to date, growing pressures from agriculture and mining threaten forest ecosystems, water quality, and social stability. Strengthened spatial planning, proactive conservation, and cross-sector collaboration are urgently needed to align economic ambitions with ecological integrity. This integrated approach demonstrates how combining long-term Earth observation with social data can strengthen environmental monitoring and land-use assessment in heterogeneous mountain regions.</p>

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Assessing two decades (2000–2020) of agricultural and mining-driven land-cover change through spatial analysis and social perceptions in Sonsón, Antioquia, Colombia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Natalia Alvear Goyes,
  • Joaquín Guillermo Ramírez Gil,
  • Paulo J. Murillo Sandoval

摘要

In Latin America, efforts to accelerate economic growth through agriculture and mining often generate strong tensions with environmental sustainability. We examine this dynamic in Sonsón (Antioquia, Colombia), a municipality at the epicenter of simultaneous agricultural intensification and mineral extraction. To characterize the forces reshaping this landscape from 2000 to 2020, we combined wall-to-wall satellite analysis with evidence from local stakeholders. Annual land-cover trajectories were mapped with the Continuous Change Detection and Classification (CCDC) algorithm using the Landsat archive. In parallel, we surveyed 55 respondents from agricultural, mining, commercial, environmental authority, and other sectors to elicit perceptions of drivers, impacts, and governance. Although most of the territory (≈90.8%) remained stable, this apparent stability masks two distinct waves of transformation: a first wave (2000–2005) concentrated in the Magdalena Medio lowlands with grassland and mining expansion, and a second wave (2015–2020) in the high-altitude “Zona Fria” with the intensification of export-oriented crops and grasslands. Environmental authorities and commerce consistently identified mining as a key driver, a role that industry representatives tended to downplay, while farmers emphasized the shift toward export crops. Taken together, these trends provide an anticipatory warning: despite limited widespread deforestation to date, growing pressures from agriculture and mining threaten forest ecosystems, water quality, and social stability. Strengthened spatial planning, proactive conservation, and cross-sector collaboration are urgently needed to align economic ambitions with ecological integrity. This integrated approach demonstrates how combining long-term Earth observation with social data can strengthen environmental monitoring and land-use assessment in heterogeneous mountain regions.