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<p>Pesticide use in intensive agricultural systems poses a growing concern for human and environmental health. In Costa Rica, large-scale pineapple cultivation involves frequent agrochemical applications, increasing the potential for contamination of groundwater and agricultural products. This study evaluated human health risks associated with pesticide residues detected in groundwater and pineapples from the Northern Region of Costa Rica, where intensive pineapple production takes place. Concentration data from ten groundwater sources and 30 pineapple samples collected between 2015 and 2018 were analyzed. Non-carcinogenic risk (estimated as a hazard quotient, HQ) and carcinogenic risk were determined for adults and children using U.S. EPA reference doses and cancer slope factors. Nine pesticides were detected in groundwater and nine in pineapples, with bromacil (up to 3.8&#xa0;μg/L) being the most frequent compound in water and carbendazim (up to 0.027&#xa0;mg/kg) in the fruit. All hazard quotients (HQ &lt; 1) indicated no non-carcinogenic risk for either exposure route. Carcinogenic risks were only assessed for imazalil and diuron, with values for imazalil in groundwater ranging from 2.4 × 10⁻⁷ to 3.3 × 10⁻⁶, slightly exceeding the reference threshold (1 × 10⁻⁶) in children. Risk values from pineapple consumption were lower (≤ 10⁻⁷) compared to those from groundwater intake, suggesting minimal concern. Although overall risks remain low, the detection of residues in both water and fruit reveals multiple exposure pathways and highlights the need for cumulative risk assessments. Strengthening environmental monitoring and promoting integrated pesticide management are essential to safeguard public health in regions under intensive agricultural production.</p>

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Multiple exposure pathways to pesticide residues in tropical agroecosystems: A human health risk assessment in Costa Rica

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • José R. Montiel-Mora,
  • Greivin Pérez-Rojas,
  • Laura Brenes-Alfaro,
  • Carlos E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez

摘要

Pesticide use in intensive agricultural systems poses a growing concern for human and environmental health. In Costa Rica, large-scale pineapple cultivation involves frequent agrochemical applications, increasing the potential for contamination of groundwater and agricultural products. This study evaluated human health risks associated with pesticide residues detected in groundwater and pineapples from the Northern Region of Costa Rica, where intensive pineapple production takes place. Concentration data from ten groundwater sources and 30 pineapple samples collected between 2015 and 2018 were analyzed. Non-carcinogenic risk (estimated as a hazard quotient, HQ) and carcinogenic risk were determined for adults and children using U.S. EPA reference doses and cancer slope factors. Nine pesticides were detected in groundwater and nine in pineapples, with bromacil (up to 3.8 μg/L) being the most frequent compound in water and carbendazim (up to 0.027 mg/kg) in the fruit. All hazard quotients (HQ < 1) indicated no non-carcinogenic risk for either exposure route. Carcinogenic risks were only assessed for imazalil and diuron, with values for imazalil in groundwater ranging from 2.4 × 10⁻⁷ to 3.3 × 10⁻⁶, slightly exceeding the reference threshold (1 × 10⁻⁶) in children. Risk values from pineapple consumption were lower (≤ 10⁻⁷) compared to those from groundwater intake, suggesting minimal concern. Although overall risks remain low, the detection of residues in both water and fruit reveals multiple exposure pathways and highlights the need for cumulative risk assessments. Strengthening environmental monitoring and promoting integrated pesticide management are essential to safeguard public health in regions under intensive agricultural production.