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<p>Coastal land development has accelerated across South Asia, yet its ecological impacts remain poorly quantified at the scale of newly established industrial economic zones. This study assesses the environmental consequences of rapid development in the National Special Economic Zone (NSEZ), Bangladesh, between 2014, 2018, and 2023. Using multi-temporal Landsat 8 imagery, we computed six remote sensing indices Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBAI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) together with Land Surface Temperature (LST). These indices were analyzed alongside environmental quality indicators (PM₁₀, PM₂.₅, temperature) to evaluate spatio-temporal transformations. Results reveal a decade of intense land conversion: vegetation declined (NDVI mean fell from 0.14 in 2014 to 0.10 in 2023), built-up areas expanded (NDBI mean rose from –0.12 to –0.04), water bodies contracted (NDWI mean improved marginally but fragmented spatially), and LST increased by ~ 4&#xa0;°C. Correlation analysis showed strong negative associations between vegetation indices and environmental stressors, while NDBI and NDBAI were positively correlated with LST and particulate matter, underscoring the ecological costs of urbanization. Methodologically, this study advances prior approaches by integrating hybrid classification (supervised + unsupervised), rigorous accuracy validation (overall accuracy &gt; 87%, Kappa &gt; 0.82), and correlation with environmental parameters. The findings demonstrate that unchecked coastal industrialization exacerbates the urban heat island effect, degrades air quality, and threatens hydrological stability. Policy implications are significant: results support evidence-based interventions such as afforestation, wetland conservation, and ecosystem-based adaptation, directly informing Bangladesh’s Coastal Zone Policy and Vision 2041 strategies.</p>

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Environmental impact of coastal land development: a case study of national special economic zone, Bangladesh

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月15日

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  • Niger Sultana,
  • Abdullah al Mahmud

摘要

Coastal land development has accelerated across South Asia, yet its ecological impacts remain poorly quantified at the scale of newly established industrial economic zones. This study assesses the environmental consequences of rapid development in the National Special Economic Zone (NSEZ), Bangladesh, between 2014, 2018, and 2023. Using multi-temporal Landsat 8 imagery, we computed six remote sensing indices Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBAI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) together with Land Surface Temperature (LST). These indices were analyzed alongside environmental quality indicators (PM₁₀, PM₂.₅, temperature) to evaluate spatio-temporal transformations. Results reveal a decade of intense land conversion: vegetation declined (NDVI mean fell from 0.14 in 2014 to 0.10 in 2023), built-up areas expanded (NDBI mean rose from –0.12 to –0.04), water bodies contracted (NDWI mean improved marginally but fragmented spatially), and LST increased by ~ 4 °C. Correlation analysis showed strong negative associations between vegetation indices and environmental stressors, while NDBI and NDBAI were positively correlated with LST and particulate matter, underscoring the ecological costs of urbanization. Methodologically, this study advances prior approaches by integrating hybrid classification (supervised + unsupervised), rigorous accuracy validation (overall accuracy > 87%, Kappa > 0.82), and correlation with environmental parameters. The findings demonstrate that unchecked coastal industrialization exacerbates the urban heat island effect, degrades air quality, and threatens hydrological stability. Policy implications are significant: results support evidence-based interventions such as afforestation, wetland conservation, and ecosystem-based adaptation, directly informing Bangladesh’s Coastal Zone Policy and Vision 2041 strategies.