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<p>The most widely utilized plasticizers in the modern industrial sector are phthalate acid esters, which eventually pollute all aspects of the environment. Phthalate acid esters have the potential to cause harm to both people and the environment. Over the&#xa0;years, the degradation of the&#xa0;ecological environment has incited much research on the prevalence of phthalate acid esters, their origin, the amount of pollution they generate, and their impact on health. However, there is a lack of data and resources regarding the state of the world. This review article initially identified the primary sources of phthalate acid esters, their amount of pollution, and their effects on human health to address this gap. Additionally, a systematic analysis using VOSviewer software was performed to visualize significant research trends and connections on phthalate acid esters and their environmental and health impacts. It is evident that the harmful consequences of phthalate acid esters significantly harm our ecological sector. The primary sources of phthalate acid esters include landfills (∼73.8%), agriculture (∼10.5%), industry (∼9.1%), and wastewater (∼6.5%), which are responsible for polluting soil (most dominant was DEHP: 514&#xa0;µg/L), surface water (DBP: 115&#xa0;µg/L), and groundwater (DEHP: 268&#xa0;µg/L). According to the findings, almost every environmental matrix has been polluted with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). In addition, they are responsible for a wide range of health issues, including changes in hormone levels, issues related to reproduction, neurological disorders, and even cancer, which are transmitted to people through primary pathways such as eating, breathing, and skin contact.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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A potential threat of the phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in the different environmental matrices to public health: a systematic review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月1日

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  • Fouzia Zaman,
  • Md Ashikur Rahman,
  • Rabeya Binte Abdullah,
  • Amit Hasan Anik,
  • Shafi M. Tareq

摘要

The most widely utilized plasticizers in the modern industrial sector are phthalate acid esters, which eventually pollute all aspects of the environment. Phthalate acid esters have the potential to cause harm to both people and the environment. Over the years, the degradation of the ecological environment has incited much research on the prevalence of phthalate acid esters, their origin, the amount of pollution they generate, and their impact on health. However, there is a lack of data and resources regarding the state of the world. This review article initially identified the primary sources of phthalate acid esters, their amount of pollution, and their effects on human health to address this gap. Additionally, a systematic analysis using VOSviewer software was performed to visualize significant research trends and connections on phthalate acid esters and their environmental and health impacts. It is evident that the harmful consequences of phthalate acid esters significantly harm our ecological sector. The primary sources of phthalate acid esters include landfills (∼73.8%), agriculture (∼10.5%), industry (∼9.1%), and wastewater (∼6.5%), which are responsible for polluting soil (most dominant was DEHP: 514 µg/L), surface water (DBP: 115 µg/L), and groundwater (DEHP: 268 µg/L). According to the findings, almost every environmental matrix has been polluted with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). In addition, they are responsible for a wide range of health issues, including changes in hormone levels, issues related to reproduction, neurological disorders, and even cancer, which are transmitted to people through primary pathways such as eating, breathing, and skin contact.

Graphical abstract