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<p>Due to anthropogenic pollution, the contamination of drinking water reservoirs by antibiotics has become increasingly prominent. We conducted a comprehensive year-long investigation into the occurrence, spatiotemporal variations, risk assessment, and correlation with environmental factors of 18 antibiotics in the Zipingpu Reservoir, a major drinking water reservoir. The total concentration of antibiotics in the reservoir ranged from 4.64&#xa0;ng/L to 343.28&#xa0;ng/L, with penicillin G being the predominant contaminant. Seasonal variations showed that antibiotic concentrations were higher in winter and spring. Hydrological conditions and antibiotic usage patterns, through seasonal variations, influence both the prevalence and environmental trajectory of antibiotics. Our results underscored the critical roles of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), the humification index (HIX), and the heavy metal cation Ba. The reservoir indirectly contributes to the reduction of antibiotic occurrence levels through its capability to transport, transform, and deposit dissolved organic carbon (DOC), TDN, TDP, and heavy metals. Ecological risk assessment revealed that penicillin G posed an exceptionally high risk (RQ<sub>max</sub> = 53.35) with a 44% high-risk detection rate and a 45.8% moderate-risk detection rate, while erythromycin (RQ<sub>max</sub> = 2.55) and omeprazole (RQ<sub>max</sub> = 1.70) showed 1.6% high-risk detection rates. Human health risk assessment indicated that dimetridazole presented a high risk (HQ<sub>max</sub> = 1.31) to infants aged 0–6&#xa0;months, with metronidazole, ronidazole, and penicillin G also showing potential risks (HQ &gt; 0.001). Penicillin G, dimetridazole, and metronidazole serve as important indicators for future studies assessing the risks of antibiotics in the Zipingpu Reservoir.</p>

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Comprehensive insights into the occurrence, spatiotemporal variations and risk assessment of antibiotics and their driving factors in a large drinking water reservoir in the upper Yangtze River

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月2日

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  • Yujia Tang,
  • Li Liu,
  • Hui Sun,
  • Yang Liu,
  • Xinyue Hu,
  • Liu Tang

摘要

Due to anthropogenic pollution, the contamination of drinking water reservoirs by antibiotics has become increasingly prominent. We conducted a comprehensive year-long investigation into the occurrence, spatiotemporal variations, risk assessment, and correlation with environmental factors of 18 antibiotics in the Zipingpu Reservoir, a major drinking water reservoir. The total concentration of antibiotics in the reservoir ranged from 4.64 ng/L to 343.28 ng/L, with penicillin G being the predominant contaminant. Seasonal variations showed that antibiotic concentrations were higher in winter and spring. Hydrological conditions and antibiotic usage patterns, through seasonal variations, influence both the prevalence and environmental trajectory of antibiotics. Our results underscored the critical roles of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), the humification index (HIX), and the heavy metal cation Ba. The reservoir indirectly contributes to the reduction of antibiotic occurrence levels through its capability to transport, transform, and deposit dissolved organic carbon (DOC), TDN, TDP, and heavy metals. Ecological risk assessment revealed that penicillin G posed an exceptionally high risk (RQmax = 53.35) with a 44% high-risk detection rate and a 45.8% moderate-risk detection rate, while erythromycin (RQmax = 2.55) and omeprazole (RQmax = 1.70) showed 1.6% high-risk detection rates. Human health risk assessment indicated that dimetridazole presented a high risk (HQmax = 1.31) to infants aged 0–6 months, with metronidazole, ronidazole, and penicillin G also showing potential risks (HQ > 0.001). Penicillin G, dimetridazole, and metronidazole serve as important indicators for future studies assessing the risks of antibiotics in the Zipingpu Reservoir.